HEMIPTERA: THE TRUE BUGS 81 



insects spend the winter under leaves and rubbish, or in 

 some similar shelter. They come forth rather early in the 

 spring and feed for two or three weeks upon the leaves of 

 raspberries, strawberries, and other plants. Early in May, 

 when the leaves of the grapes appear, these adult Leaf 

 Hoppers fly to the vineyards and attack the developing 

 foliage. They continue here for many weeks. The fe- 

 males deposit their small, whitish eggs in the green tissues 

 of the blades of the leaves, several eggs being inserted 

 side by side. 



A fortnight later these eggs hatch into small larvae or 

 nymphs that also suck the sap from the leaves and grad- 

 ually develop, passing through five molts before they be- 

 come mature. These young nymphs are able to run over 

 the surface of the leaves, but they do not jump as do the 

 fully developed Leaf Hoppers. They reach maturity dur- 

 ing the latter part of the summer and continue present 

 until October, when they seek shelter for the winter. 

 There is thus normally but one brood in a year, although 

 in more southern regions there are probably two broods. 



The most effective means of combating this insect are 

 burning over the. places of hibernation, destroying the 

 nymphs with a solution of whale-oil soap at the rate of one 

 pound to ten gallons of water, and trapping the adults upon 

 sticky shields held temporarily beside the vines. 



The Apple-tree Leaf Hopper is another widely distrib- 

 uted destructive species. Examples of this may be found 

 on the under side of apple leaves at almost any time during 

 the season. The Rose Leaf Hopper is another form that 

 may practically always be found upon rosebushes, where 

 the characteristic result of Leaf Hoppers' injury may be 

 seen in the whitened spots on the upper surface of the 

 leaf. 



