890 



CARRIAGES. 



the rear, and in front should turn well out, away from the 

 horse's shoulders. 



The Pole for light wagons should be of hickory, 

 steamed and bent ; coach poles, of second growth eastern 

 ash, — oak, when made up in this size, being apt to warp. 

 But for farm wagons, omnibuses, stages, &c., which admit 

 of more material being used, oak is very m^uch the 

 best. 



For the attachment of the Shafts or Pole to the Axle there 

 have been very many devices to prevent rattling and ac- 

 cident ; but none of them, for simplicity and cheapness, com- 

 pare with that of Mr.Chapman, of Cincinnati. This is 

 simply a piece of vulcanized india-rubbei-, (see Figs. 78 and 



Fios. 78 & 79.— Chapman's Patent Shaft -Fasten 



