ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND. 37 



1834. Asterias (Solasterias) papposa, Blainville, Manuel d'Actinologie, p. 241. 



1834. Asterias afflnis, Brandt, Act. Acad. St. Petersb. 1834, p. 271, et Prodr. Dcscr. anim. ab Mertensio 

 obs., fasc. i. p. 71. 



1834. ? Asterias alboverrucosa, id. ibid. 



1835. Stellonia papposa, Agassiz, Prodr. Monog. Rad., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufchatel, t. i. p. 192. 



1836. Asterias papposa, Johnston, London's Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 474, fig. 69. 



1839. Solaster papposa, Forbes, Ast. Irish Sea, Mom. Wern. Soc. vol. viii. p. 121. 



1840. Solaster (Polyaster) papposa, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. vol. vi.p. 183. 



1840. Crossaster papposits, Miillor & Troschel, Wiegmann's Archiv, iv. pt. 1, p. 183. 



1841. Solaster papposa, Forbes, Hist. British Starfishes, p. 112. 



1842. Solaster papposus, Miiller & Troschol, System der Asteriden, p. 26. 



1852. Solaster papposa, Forbes, Sutherland's Journ. of a Voyage, vol. ii. Append, p. ccxi 



1853. Solaster papposus, Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, p. 15. 



1857. Solaster papposus, Liitken, Vid. Meddel. N. Forening i Kjb'benhavn, 1857, p. 40. 

 1862. Solaster papposus, Dujardin & Hupe, Hist. Nat. des Zooph. chinodermes, p. 353. 



1865. Solaster papposus, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 122. 



1866. Solaster (Polyaster) papposus, Gray, Synop. Spec. Starf. Brit. Mus. p. 5. 

 1866. Crossaster papposus, Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 345. 



1871. Solaster papposus, Hodge, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durham, vol. iv. p. 134. 



1875. Solaster papposus, Perrier, Stellerides du Museum, p. 94 ; Arch, de Zool. exp. et gen. vol. iv. p. 358. 



1877. Crossaster papposus, A. Agassi/, North-American Starfishes, pp. 98, 112. 



1878. Solaster papposus, Viguier, Squelette des Stellerides, Arch, de Zool. exp. et gen. vol. vii. p. 134. 



A Starfish of depressed habit, having 10-15 rays, which are shorter than, or only 

 equal to, the diameter of the disk, and taper uniformly to the extremities. The calca- 

 reous network of the abactinal surface is very widely spaced, and composed of a great 

 number of small ossicles that overlap or imbricate upon one another ; the intermediate 

 meshes are consequently large, and the membranous skin which covers them frequently 

 bears in the centre one or more isolated ossicles, round which the papulae are grouped, 

 not unfrequently 20-30 in number. Paxillae, composed of a brush-like group of fine 

 spinelets articulated on a rounded pedicle, are situated at each of the intersections, one 

 being also occasionally present upon the line of plates that lies between, as well as 

 upon, the isolated ossicles ; their length is about equal to their distance apart, and in 

 an adult specimen 20-30 spinelets occur in each fasciculus. The paxillse stand mode- 

 rately well spaced in consequence of the open character of the network, and, although 

 there is no regularity whatever apparent in their arrangement upon the disk, a certain 

 lineal disposition can be more or less clearly traced upon the rays. 10-12 paxillse 

 may be counted in a line drawn from the centre of the disk to an arm-angle, 15-20 

 from the tip of a ray to the base, and not more than 4 or 5 in an oblique row running 

 from the median line of a ray up to the series of large marginal paxillge. These lateral 

 paxillse, of which there is only a single series, are large and compressed, being two or 

 three times the breadth of the dorsal paxillse; they are widely spaced and placed obliquely, 

 or even at right angles, to the median line, their direction being outwards and at an 

 angle somewhat greater than 45 to the contour of the ray ; midway between each 

 of the large paxillaB is a small secondary paxilla, less than those of the dorsal surface. 

 There are about 16 to 17 lateral paxillae from the tip of the ray to the arm-angle. 



Each adambulacral plate bears two series of spines: one upon the inner side, 



