THE ARCHKOLOC.irAL HISTORY OF NK\V YORK 49 



gorgets, birdstones, banner stones, cord-marked and pattern-stamped 

 clay pottery, mediocre clay pipes, roller pestles, numerous net sinkers, 

 and a considerable amount of bone implements, as awls, harpoons, 

 needles and beads. The siies are generally on lowlands near streams 

 and lakes, none of importance being on hilltops. The later Algonkian 

 peoples were agricultural as is proved by the numerous instances in 

 which charred maize and beans have been found in refuse pits. The 

 later Algonkian tribes were more sedentary than their predecessors 

 and their settlements presumably larger. This seems to be indicated 

 bv the presence of deposits of refuse, by refuse pits and heaps and 

 by large areas of ground rilled with carbonized matter, fire-burned 

 stone and calcined bone. 



Graves of this middle period are found, the skeletons being doubled 

 up on one side (flexed). There are seldom any artifacts in the 

 graves, the skeletons alone remaining to tell the story. A typical 

 burial site of this period is that on the Markham site, near Avon, 

 excavated by Mr Harry Follett. A typical village site of this 

 })eriod was found on the outlet of Owasco lake, south of Auburn, 

 and was excavated by Mr E. H. Gohl and the writer (see page 340). 

 The Owasco lake site differs in culture, however, from that of the 

 Markham site. 



The Algonkian peoples of the tide water and Long Island present 

 a slightly different problem, but the type of the culture is unmis- 

 takable. The most abundant traces are found in the refuse layers 

 and shell heaps on Long Island, Staten Island, the Westchester coast 

 and the northern end of Manhattan island. The coastal Algonkins 

 differed only from their inland kinsmen through the immediate influ- 

 ence of environment. For example, they frequently stamped their 

 pottery with the edge of a scalloped shell instead of a cord-wrapped 

 paddle, and they used shellfish to a large extent for food. 



Typical coastal Algonkian sites were found and excavated by Mr 

 M. Raymond Harrington, at Port Jefferson, Oyster Bay, Matinicock 

 and Shinnecock, on Long island ; Throgg's Neck, Eastchester and 

 Westchester, on the Westchester coast ; and by Mr Alanson B. 

 Skinner on Manhattan and Staten Islands. 



One is led to believe that the later Algonkin copied to a large 

 extent the material culture of a more advanced division of the race 

 that came from the south and the west, but which after a certain 

 time was either absorbed or unable to maintain itself in the eastern 

 section. That the eastern Algonkin received a great cultural 

 impetus from the intruding strangers can not be doubted. We have 



