56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



handles. One common form of the scraper is that having one side, 

 the under, a smooth curved surface, and the other humped or 

 " turtle backed." Scrapers of this kind may or may not have been 

 employed in handles, but very few of them are notched at the 

 handle end. A second form is chipped on both surfaces but the 

 scraping edge is beveled one way, to give a chisel-like surface. Many 

 of this type are stemmed and notched. A third form is made from 

 abruptly broken arrow or spearheads. The fractured edge is simply 

 chipped back from one side to provide the chisel edge for scraping. 

 Scrapers are also made from flakes and many were formed from 

 larger blades, the sides of which were used for scraping and not 

 the ends. Some knife blades show that the upper or handle-end was 

 used as a scraper. Of course not all scrapers were made of chipped 

 flint, chert and similar materials. Some were made of tough slates, 

 granites and sandstones, and ground down in the form of small 

 adzes. These come under the head of polished stone implements. 



Perforators or drills. Perforators are found on Algonkian sites 

 but probably none have been found on Iroquoian sites that are 

 original. Several types of perforators are found on sites of the 

 Algonkian occupation. Among these may be mentioned the long 

 slender shafts of flint or jasper that are of nearly uniform diameter. 

 These may or may not have shoulders and necks. The usual type 

 may have been fastened to a shaft so as to permit its use on a 

 rotating spindle driven by a bow string or by the motion of a pump 

 drill. Another type has a very rough and massive top, as if this 

 were a handle to be used without a spindle. Not all so-called per- 

 forators were in reality drills ; at least not all were constantly used 

 as such, for both human and animal bones have been found pierced 

 by them in such a manner as to indicate their use as arrow points. 



Other chipped implements. Algonkian sites yield several chipped 

 forms not to be classed as projectile points. Among these may be 

 mentioned chipped hoes of shale, chipped celts, choppers, disks and 

 sinkers. 



The implements termed hoes may or may not be hoes, but the 

 shape of the broad blade has suggested this use-name. Hoes are 

 usually chipped into shape from layers of shale or sandstone and 

 usually have a noticed neck and a broad chopping end chipped 

 sharp. Very few show much evidence of having been used to such 

 an extent that the end is polished through friction in the soil. Not 

 many hoes are to be found in collections, perhaps for the reason 

 that the form is unattractive to the amateur collector and farmer. 



