37$ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



vised for the purpose. P,icks of bones and pikes of wood were 

 probably used." 



Flint Ridge in Ohio and the Fort Erie, Ontario, quarries are fairly 

 well known. I do not find, however, that any mention has been 

 made of the numerous aboriginal " flint " quarries in Pennsylvania 

 except by A. F. Berlin in Moorhead's " Prehistoric Implements," 

 page 187. There are about two thousand such quarries alone in 

 Lehigh and Berks counties, Pennsylvania. Specimens of the material 

 from these quarries are to be found in the Wren collection of 

 Wilkesbarre. 



To determine how arrowheads and other chipped implements 

 were made, it is only necessary to watch the process among modern 

 Indians who still remember the art. There are also several good 

 descriptions contained in books by travelers, among them Catlin. 

 The Iroquois generally have forgotten the art and inquiries will 

 bring but meager information. A few, however, remember the 

 fundamental principles but the majority look upon an arrowhead or 

 spearhead of flint with as much wonder as does the ordinary Yankee 

 farmer. 



In the description which follows I have combined previously 

 known facts regarding the chipping of flintlike stones with other 

 facts gleaned from a series of experiments conducted by myself 

 under the direction of Prof. F. W. Putnam, in the American Museum 

 of Natural History. These results were embodied in a paper which 

 has never been published. Much of the description which follows 

 later is taken from this paper. In the description of the various 

 processes the reader must understand that where positive statements 

 of methods are made that these methods were those used in experi- 

 ments and are in accord with methods known to have been used. 



The tools used in shaping arrow'heads were few and simple, con- 

 sisting merely of a stone hammer and a flaker. For larger imple- 

 ments a stone anvil, a pad of skins, and a pitching tool were used in 

 addition. The flaker was one of the most important tools in the 

 process and with it the most delicate work was done. 



In making an arrowhead the arrow-maker chose, for instance, an 

 oval pebble measuring approximately 4 inches in length, 2^ inches 

 in width and three-fourths of an inch thick. He held the pebble in 

 his left hand, palm downward, the pebble projecting about an inch 

 over his thumb. The hammer was held in his right hand, palm 

 toward the left (see plate 117). He struck a quick, smart blow on 

 the projecting edge of the pebble at the point indicated in the figure. 



