396 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



petitor of a steel implement. The white man also brought 

 brass kettles, steel scissors, awls of iron, sheet metal and wire. 

 He brought a new fabric that he called cloth, and he had 

 blankets, coats and trousers made of it. All these things and many 

 shining trinkets, as chains, beads, thimbles and mirrors, the white 

 man was eager to trade for such simple natural things as beaver 

 pelts. The red man was eager to get these wonderful, convenient 

 articles. To obtain them the red man became more and more a 

 hunter and trapper. Gradually he gave up his stone tools, his skin 

 mantle, his clay kettles and his bone awls. The white man's things 

 were better. Thus the red man became a trader always giving great 

 quantities of raw material for a small amount of manufactured 

 goods. Soon the red man was a dire dependent using material he 

 did not produce and in whose making he had no part. He draped 

 the white man's shirt over his shoulders and hung its lower flaps 

 over his leggins, but he was not a white man ; he shot a white man's 

 gun and cut his food with a white man's knife and cooked it in a 

 white man's kettle ; yet he was only a barbarian who did not make 

 what he used so constantly. In this manner the Indian's material 

 culture faded away and the white man's supplanted it. The entire 

 process can be traced on the village sites of the New York Indians. 



If we were to moralize from this we should write an essay on 

 methods of civilization and point out that to truly civilize a people 

 immediate commercial motives must not dominate the purposes of 

 contact with undeveloped races. If we wish to impart our civiliza- 

 tion to them, the effective methods would be to show the native the 

 greater efficiency of our tools and goods and then teach him how to 

 make them. 



Excavations. For methods, read " The Ripley Erie Site/' 1 The 

 amateur archeologist should not open graves without completely 

 exposing the skeleton and leaving all relics in place until a detailed 

 record and photographs can be made. The position of objects with 

 relation to the skeleton is important. Refuse pits and ash heaps 

 should be charted and a record made of all objects from each pit. 

 Maps should be made showing the location of each pit or grave, and 

 all other features of importance. 



Faces, human. Effigies of the human face in stone have been 

 found in various localities, particularly along the Delaware and the 

 Susquehanna and their tributaries. These vary from specimens that 

 merely suggest a face by three depressions, to carvings that are 



1 N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 117. 



