428 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



conical opening, seems to have been to fit the socket to the hole and 

 then secure the stem to the bowl by covering it with green rawhide 

 which went around the bowl and again to the stem. The rawhide 

 was stitched upon the stem, these stitches being more or less orna- 

 mental in some cases. Where the pipe bowl was thin the rawhide 

 was in danger of being baked or burnt. It is quite probable, there- 

 fore, that there was a wooden projection at the back of the bowl 

 holding the rawhide away from the bowl. With a flat stem this 

 would produce the prototype of the monolithic monitor pipe, or at 

 least a substitute for it. The Iroquois used pipes thus secured, in all 

 probability. The specimen shown in the figure (figure 62) shows a 

 large, heavy bowl needing no posterior projection. It is an Onon- 

 daga pipe and a very old one. 



Fig. 63. Conical tube of birch bark stitched and bent upward. This may 

 be the prototype of the Algonkian elbow pipe. 



The tubular pipe may have been derived from prototypes of hol- 

 low cane. In northern climes wood was used. More durable tubes 

 were made of stone and clay. Some tubes may have been derived 

 from cones or tubes of thin bark (see figure 63). The tobacco may 

 have been thrust in the larger end, which was bent, and the stem may 

 have been flattened. Such a prototype seems to have given rise to 

 the flat-stemmed stone pipe having its bowl at a slight angle from the 

 bowl. It also seems to have been the pattern of certain Algonkian 

 pipes where the bowl shows a distinct angular bend instead of a 

 curve. 



Phalanges. On nearly all sites yielding bone articles numerous 

 phalanx or toe bones of various large animals, as the deer and elk, 

 will be found. Many are in their natural state but others are worked 

 in many different ways. The following are the principal forms : 



i Hollowed out and perforated at the smaller end for suspension 

 (sometimes worked into cones) 



