Hand Book 



Grading Rules 



for 



Arkansas Soft Pine Lumber 



General Instructions 



ECOGNIZED defects in Arkansas Soft 

 1\ Pine are knots, knot holes, splits 

 (either from seasoning, ring hearts or 

 rough handling), shake, wane, red heart, 

 pith, rot, rotten streaks, worm holes, 

 pitch, pitch pockets, torn grain, loosened 

 grain, seasoning checks, sap stains, crooks 

 and defects caused by manufacturing. 



A crook is a deflection edgewise from a 

 straight line in the length of a piece. The 

 extent of crook shall be determined by 

 drawing a straight line from end to end of 

 the piece on the concave edge, and measur- 

 ing from such line to the edge of piece at 

 the point of greatest deflection. 



KNOTS 

 2. Knots shall be classified as follows : 



fPin, 



SIZE^ Standard, 

 [Large. 



fRound, 



FORMAL ., 



LSpike. 



Sound, 



[Pith and Unsound. 



3. A PIN KNOT is sound and not over 

 !/2 inch in diameter. 



4. A STANDARD KNOT is sound and 

 not over I inches in diameter. 



5. 



over 



6. A ROUND KNOT is oval or circu- 

 lar in form. 



7. A SPIKE KNOT is one sawn in a 

 lengthwise direction. 



(The mean or average diameter of knots 

 shall be considered in applying and con- 

 struing the rules except in dimension.) 



A LARGE KNOT is one any size 

 inches in diameter. , 



8. A SOUND KNOT is one solid across 

 its face, is as hard as the wood it is in ; may 

 be either red or black, and is so fixed by 

 growth or position that it will retain its 

 place in the piece. 



9. A LOOSE KNOT is one not held 

 firmly in place by growth or position. 



10. A PITH KNOT is a sound knot, 

 with a pith hole not more than ^4 i nc h i n 

 diameter. 



11. An ENCASED KNOT is one whose 

 growth rings are not intergrown and 

 homogeneous with the growth rings of the 

 piece it is in. The encasement may be 

 partial or complete, if intergrown partially 

 or so fixed by growth or position that it 

 will retain its place in the piece, it shall 

 be considered a sound knot; if completely 

 intergrown on one face, it is a water-tight 

 knot. 



12. An UNSOUND KNOT is one not 

 as hard as the wood it is in. 



PITCH 



13. PITCH POCKETS are openings 

 between the grain of the wood contain- 

 ing more or less pitch or bark, and shall 

 be classified as small, standard and large 

 pitch pockets. 



14. A small pitch pocket is one not 

 over I /Q of an inch wide. 



A standard pitch pocket is one not over 

 % of an inch wide, or 3 inches in length. 



A large pitch pocket is one over % of 

 an inch wide or over 3 inches in length. 



A pitch pocket showing open on both 

 sides of the piece y$ of an inch or more in 

 width, shall be considered the same as a 

 knot hole of equal size. 



15. A pitch streak is a well-defined ac- 

 cumulation of pitch at one point in the 

 piece, and when not sufficient to develop 



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