] Lessons in Fruit Growing. 



to reduce evaporation, to retain snow and leaves on the 

 ground in winter, and they facilitate work in the planta- 

 tion in windy weather. In orchards they lessen wind-falls, 

 the breaking and bending of trees and damage to blossoms, 



A wind-break may prove injurious by intercepting winds 

 that are tempered by a near body of water, thus increasing 

 the cold, and sometimes by promoting frost to the leeward 

 by obstructing air currents. These effects may be largely 

 avoided by planting the wind-break thinly for such expos- 

 ures, thus permitting some movement of the air between 

 the trees, A wind-break may sometimes favor injurious 

 insects and fungi, and may cause a dearth of soil water in 

 the near vicinity, but these effects may be largely obviated 

 by the use of parasite preventives, as spraying, by good 

 cultivation, and in the case of orchards, by planting the 

 wind-break at the same time as the trees, and at a liberal 

 distance from them. 



As a rule, a closely planted wind-break, as of the denser 

 evergreens, is preferable for plantations not perceptibly 

 influenced by a body of water, and with good cold-air 

 drainage. Deciduous trees or thinly-planted evergreens 

 are often preferable near a body of water or where the cold- 

 air drainage is interrupted. 



The Norway sp ruce is most extensively planted as a 

 wind-break in northern United States. Nut trees have 

 been suggested as a wind-break for fruit plantations, but 

 they would generally grow too slowly and too open at the 

 bottom, while the close planting necessary for the pur- 

 poses of a wind-break would be unfavorable to the produc- 

 tion of nuts, 



11. Designation of varieties. The names of varieties- 

 planted for fruiting should be preserved. The varieties 



