130 Zessons m Fruit Growing. 



plaster, after which the grafts are set upright in hoxes 

 about 1 by 2 feet and 2 inches deep, and phiced in bottom 

 heat, as described for single-bud cuttiugs. The grafts re- 

 quire less care than do cuttings. 



(d) Crown grafting the grape in the open ground is 

 sometimes practiced, though the attempt is often unsuccess- 

 ful. The graft is inserted in the crown of the root, or in 

 the root below the crown, either early in spring, before the 

 " bleeding " season, or in autumn. The cleft graft is mostly 

 used and the parts are bound together without waxing. 

 In all cases, the union should be protected from the weather, 

 either by covering directly with soil or, when the work is 

 done in autumn, by first covering with an inverted flower 

 pot and burying this in soil. 



Young vines grown from layers or cuttings are com- 

 monly left in the nursery one season before being planted 

 in the vineyard. They should be trained to a single shoot, 

 which should be tied to an upright stake. Strong vines 

 of vigorous varieties often make a growth of 6 or more feet 

 the first season. 



189. Preparation of soil and planting:. The soil for the 

 vineyard should be well prepared by thorough plowing 

 and harrowing, and by rolling if need be. A moderate 

 degree of fertility is best. The rows may be laid off as 

 directed for laying out orchards (26). They may be 7 

 or 8 feet apart, according to the vigor of the variety; or 

 the rows may be placed uniformly eight feet apart, and the 

 distance between the vines varied to suit their vigor. The 

 less vigorous varieties, like Delaware and Catawba, may be 

 planted 7 or 8 feet apart, while the stronger-growing vari- 

 eties, like Worden and Concord, may be set 9 or 10 feet 

 apart. When planted on sloping ground, the rows should be 

 run at right angles to the slope. Where the slope is suf- 



