150 Lessons in Fruit Growing. 



may be punched by the foreman with a conductor's punch. 

 In settling with the pickers, the tickets or cards are re- 

 tained by the foreman. 



A small, portable, canvas-covered building or tent is very 

 useful in the small-fruit field, to serve as a temporary shel- 

 ter for the gathered fruit and for packing. 



Section 1. — The Bramble Fruits. 



212. The brambles are in a sense intermediate between 

 an herb and a shrub, i. e., the root is perennial, but the 

 stems die nearly back to the crown the second season of 

 their life, after maturing a single crop of fruit. The stems 

 of the cultivated brambles are, with a few exceptions, more 

 or less prickly. 



The cultivated brambles include the following botanical 

 species: 



(a) The American red raspberry [Rubus strigosus). 



(b) The European red raspberry {Rubus idceus). 



(c) The blackberry {Rubus nigrobaccus). 



(d) The blackcap raspberry {Rubus occidentalis). 



(e) The northern dewberry {Rubus villosus). 



(f) The purple-cane raspberry {Rubus neglect us). 

 Rubus neglectus is supposed to be a hybrid between 



Rubus strigosus and R. occidentalis. A few other species of 

 Rubus are cultivated to a slight extent in the United States. 



The common names "red" and "black," as applied to 

 the fruit of these species tend to be misleading, since white- 

 or yellow-fruited varieties are known in all of the species ex- 

 cept Rubus neglectus, and there are two species of raspberry 

 in which the fruit is commonly red. 



The canes of the first three species grow upright through- 

 out the season. Those of the second three grow more or 



