44 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



Cuttings are usually portions of wood of the last year's 

 growth, from six inches to afoot in length, cut close to a 

 a bud at each end. They are planted in the fall in deep- 

 ly-spaded ground, well enriched, especially at the bot- 

 tom, leaving one or two inches above the surface. Only 

 one bud of grape cuttings should be left above the ground. 

 Press the dirt firmly around them. 



The descending sap that exudes from the lower end of 

 a cutting forms a callus (Jig. 41), from which roots are 

 emitted {fig. 42). The buds at the top develop into 

 shoots, and in one season the simple stick of buds becomes 

 a well-rooted plant, in many instances several feet high.. 



Figs. 43, 



Success with cuttings is more certain if a portion of 

 the old wood is attached, as in^^r. 43. Cuttings of this 

 kind are termed mallet cuttings. If side shoots are used^ 

 cut them so as to contain the enlarged portion^of wood 

 near the main stem (fig. 44). 



