DWARF TREES. 85- 



with dwarf pears. The trees are not so long-lived as the 

 standard, but they bear very young and can be planted 

 much closer together, the spaces between standard trees 

 sometimes being used for them, as they can be removed 

 when the standards become of sufficient size to require 

 the space. Dwarf pears are usually planted deep enough 

 to cover the quince roots two or three inches, and they 

 very often take root above the graft and become stand- 

 ard or half standard. In this way the advantages of early 

 bearing are combined with larger size and longer life. 

 Some kinds of pears do not succeed well on the quince. 

 The Duchesse d'Angouleme is excellent as a dwarf. 

 Kinds which do not take readily on the quince are some- 

 times grafted on a pear which was previously grafted on 

 the quince. This is called double working. Ordinary 

 quince roots are used as stocks for dwarlSng the pear, but 

 the French is better, well rooted stocks of which can be 

 obtained from nurserymen in this country or in France. 

 The fruit of dwarfs is usually larger than the same va- 

 riety grown on standards. 



THE APPLE 



Is dwarfed by grafting on a wild species growing in 

 France, known as the Paradise apple. Another species,, 

 the Doucain, is used when dwarf standards are desired. 

 Stocks for dwarfing the apple and the pear are raised 

 from layers. Dwarf apples should be planted so as to 

 leave the point of union between stock and scion even 

 with the surface of the ground. To maintain their dwarf 

 nature, they must be carefully watched to prevent root- 

 ing above the graft, which renders them standard. They 



