60 



POPULAR FRUIT GROWING. 



or fence. It is a 

 land on the south 



Tig. 15.— IMethods 

 of removing 

 buds, a and b, 

 stubs too long; 

 c, cut too close 

 to bud; d, prop- 

 er method of 

 cutting-. 



12. How may 

 certain buds? 



13. How may 



common method of growing the pear in Eng- 



side of buildings. 



Renewing Old Trees. — This is a difficult 

 matter and the best method is probably to cut 

 out the trees entirely or else to cut back the 

 tops in winter very severely and train the new 

 growth the same as young trees are handled. 

 If the varieties are not good, top-working with 

 better varieties may often be done to advan- 

 tage. 



Trimmings. — All trimmings from the or- 

 chard should be burned at once to prevent the 

 spread of insects or disease that may be on 

 them. 



QUESTIONS— CHAPTER IV. 



1. What are the principal reasons for prun- 

 ing orchard trees? 



2. When is an open headed tree objectionable? 



3. When is an open head desirable? 



4. When should the work of pruning com- 

 mence? How severe, should the early pruning be? 



5. Why is a low head desirable? How far 

 from the ground should it be to the first branches? 



6. When should pruning be done? 



7. Describe the method of making cuts in re- 

 moving small and large limbs. 



S. What is the danger if a long stub is left? 

 9. Why should the larger wounds be painted? 



10. What tools are ordinarily used in pruning? 



11. What is a desirable form for the young 

 tree? 



the growth of the tree be influenced by pruning to 



old trees be renewed? 



