GRAPE. 221 



growth and produce a great number of delightfully fragrant 

 flowers but no fruit. This species, when crossed with the V. 

 labrusca, has given us Beta and Janesville, two varieties of great 

 hardiness. From this source will probably come the hardy 

 grapes for the colder portions of the United States and Canada. 



European Wine grape (Vitis vinifera). — To this species 

 belong most of the cultivated grapes of Europe and Asia, Its 

 flowers are either perfect or staminate. It has been cultivated 

 since the remote past and has given rise to a large number 

 of kinds having widely varying characteristics, but none of these 

 have been successfully cultivated in the open air in the 

 portion of North America lying east of the Rocky Mountains, 

 although they have been grown successfully in California and 

 some adjacent states. The reason for this is undoubtedly the 

 susceptibility of the roots of this species to attacks of the grape 

 vine root louse (Phylloxera) which is abundant over a large 

 part of eastern North America, but to the attacks of which the 

 American vines are largely immune. This pest has of recent 

 years been introduced into both California and Europe, so that 

 many vineyards in these sections have been of necessity graft- 

 ed on American roots to stem its ravages. 



Hybrid American grapes. — The poor success attending the 

 introduction of varieties of European grapes led to early at- 

 tempts at crossing them with native Fox grape (Y. labrus- 

 ca). Among the first and most successful of these were the 

 crosses made by E. S. Rogers of Salem, Mass., who originated 

 and distributed a large number of varieties, some of which still 

 remain in cultivation. These are known as Rogers' hybrids and 

 include such well known and productive sorts as Lindley, Aga- 

 wam, Aminia, Herbert, Barry and Salem. These have been 

 largely replaced by the pure labrusca sorts of more recent in- 

 troduction which are nearly or quite as good in quality and 

 less liable to disease in ordinary locations. 



Prof. T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, has paid special at- 

 tention to the development of varieties of grapes adapted to 

 the Southern and Southwestern states and has sent out a large 

 number of good varieties. Among them are the following: Car- 

 man, Headlight, Brilliant and others. In his work he has used 



