246 POPULAR FRUIT GROWING. 



ally soon after the berries are well set. For this purpose a spe- 

 cial tool is often used which makes two cuts and takes out the 

 bark with one movement. If the whole vine is girdled at the 

 surface of the ground, it will soon show great weakness, so when 

 practiced at all it should be confined to girdling the lateral canes 

 that are to be cut away entirely when the vine is pruned. In sec- 

 tions where early autumn frosts are common, it is frequently de- 

 sirable to try this method of advancing the period of ripening. 



QUESTIONS— CHAPTER XIII. 

 The Grape. 



1. Where did the grape originate? 



2. Describe the Northern Fox Grape. 



3. Describe the River Banlt Grape. 



4. Describe the European Wine Grape. 



5. Describe the flowers of the grape. 



6. How is the grape propagated? 



7. What are long hard wood cuttings of the grape? 



8. How should they be cared for? 



9. How should the land be prepared before planting the cuttings? 



10. What are one eye cuttings? 



11. How are they planted? 



12. What are soft-wood cuttings? 



13. How are they grown? 



14. What is layering? 



15. How are summer layers made? 



16. How are spring layers made? 



17. What is the best location for a vineyard? 



18. What soil is best for a vineyard? 



19. How should grapes be planted? 



20. What cultivation do they need? 



21. What points should be remembered when pruning the grape? 



22. What pruning is needed the first year? 



23. Wliat Is meant by a "spur?" 



24. Explain the two "systems" of training. 



25. What is the single post method? The high renewal method? 

 The Knlffen method? One-cane spur renewal method? 



26. What pruning is needed the second year? 



27. What pruning is needed the third year? 



28. Explain the Munson method of training? 



29. What pruning is required the first year, second year and 

 third year In this system? 



30. Describe a method of pruning. 



31. What effect does training vines against buildings or walls 

 produce? 



32. How should neglected vines be pruned? 



33. WTien should grape vines be pruned? 



34. What material is commonly used in tying vines? 



35. To what extent should the foliage and fruit be thinned out? 



36. What fertilizers do grapes require? 



37. What is meant by "girdling?" How should it be done? 



