266 POPULAR FRUIT GROWING. 



(c) Hybrids between the red and black cap raspberries are 

 common. They were formerly considered a separate species 

 and known as Rubus neglectus. Examples are the Columbian, 

 Schaeffer and Philadelphia. 



Classes of raspberries. — All raspberries in cultivation may 

 be divided into two classes, the suckering class and the tip 

 rooting class, according as to whether they increase by suckers 

 or by tip layers. This is a convenient, rather than a botanical 

 classification. 



Propagation.— The methods of propagation vary greatly 

 with the different species of raspberries. They consist of propa- 

 tion by seed, by suckers, by root cuttings, by tip layers and by 

 division of the stools. 



Raspberries from seed. — All the cultivated kinds may be 

 grown from seed, but plants from seed are not "true," i. e., are 

 not like the plants from which they came, and it is only an 

 occasional seedling that is nearly as good as any of the varie- 

 ties commonly cultivated. To raise seedlings, the "dead" ripe 

 fruit should be crushed in a small amount of dry sand, and the 

 whole sown at once in a light, moist soil, somewhat shaded. 

 The seed will seldom germinate until the following spring when, 

 after the plants are large enough to handle, they may, if too 

 thick in the seed beds, be set out in another bed to grow the 

 first season, or if not crowded be left to grow where they are. 

 The plants should be taken up in the fall, "heeled in," and plant- 

 ed again the following spring, when they will bear fruit the 

 following (the third) year. Another way is to sow the seed as 

 soon as obtained in small boxes, and cover them lightly with 

 leaves or litter. In February bring the boxes into a green- 

 house, transplant to other boxes as soon as the seedlings have 

 thfeir third leaves formed, and plant permanently outdoors as 

 soon as large enough and the weather will permit; by this sys- 

 tem some fruit is generally obtained the second year after plant- 

 ing out. 



By root cuttings. — Most of the varieties of raspberries com- 

 ing under the first three species mentioned produce suckers 

 from the roots and these are generally used to start new planta- 

 tions, but when there is a shortage for this purpose it is cus- 



