February, 1908 



THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



45 



Bulletin on Bordeaux Injury 



Revie-wed by Prof. "W. LochKead, Macdonald College 



jORDEAUX Injury. — Agricultural Experi- 

 ment Station, Geneva, N.Y., Bull. 287, 

 by U. P. Hedrick. — In ordinary years one 

 hears occasionally of injury to fruit trees 

 a result of spraying with Bordeaux. In 

 1905 in Ontario and elsewhere, many such cases 

 rere reported. On account of these repeated 

 eports, an investigation was undertaken by 

 khe Geneva station to determine, if possible, 

 fthe causes of the alleged injuries. Affected 

 'apples show a specking at first, followed by a 

 "russetting," so that the keeping qualities of 

 the fruit are disturbed, and its market value 

 is lowered. Affected leaves show a brown 

 spotting, followed by their death and fall. 



The experiments carried on in connection 

 with the investigation convinced the experi- 

 menters that the Bordeaux mixture caused the 

 injuries to the fruit and the leaves that have 

 been so frequently reported of late years. The 

 Bordeaux, they believe, acted as a poison to 

 the tissues lying beneath the skin, entering 

 through the breathing pores and the basal cells 

 of the plant hairs. The specks that formed 

 as the first symptoms of injury leading to rus- 

 setting, were usually formed about the breath- 

 ing pores. Not only were different species of 

 fruit trees, such as peaches, plums, and so on, 

 injured to diflterent degrees by Bordeaux, but 

 different varieties of the apple, for example, 

 varied in the extent of injury under similar 

 treatment. Wet weather and early spraying 

 favored the development of russetting, and the 

 greater the quantity of copper sulphate used 

 in making the Bordeaux the greater the injury. 

 The bulletin recommends that the amount of 

 spray liquid should be just sufficient to wet the 

 tree, and!|onIy||in dry weather, and that the 

 Bordeaux be prepared by using equal parts 

 of lime and copper sulphate. 



The reviewer has already had occasion to 

 treat of "Injurious Action of Bordeaux in 

 Apple Orchards" (O.A.C. Report, 1905, pp. 

 54-58). His studies at that time forced him 

 to the conclusion that the injury was not due 

 entirely to Bordeaux, for these reasons; rus- 

 setting was not confined to sprayed orchards, 

 and it was quite prevalent in unsprayed or- 

 chards treated by the same man, at the same 

 time, and with the same pump. 



Fruit Institutes 



The farmers' institute branch of the Ontario 

 Department of Agriculture has taken a marked 

 step in advance in the line of agricultural educa- 

 tion. A three days' meeting was held at 

 Grimsby, Dec. 16, 17, 18, with an attendance 

 of over 80 men from Grimsby and the surround- 

 ing district. An interesting program was 

 followed, and the discussions by local men took 

 up every minute of the time allotted. 



Never before in the history of farmers insti- 

 tute work have the fruit growers taken so active 



an interest as that manifested at this meeting 

 Mr. Putman, Supt. of Farmers' Institutes, was 

 present and gave a short talk on the scheme 

 attempted for the first time in Ontario. He 

 encouraged the farmers to form farmers' clubs 

 and hold monthly, or even twice a month, meet- 

 ings for the discussion of local subjects and in- 

 crease the knowledge and, as a consequence, the 

 wealth of each community. The department is 

 willing to do all within reason to assist farmers' 

 clubs, and short courses of instruction by 

 furnishing lectm-ers on special subjects. Any 

 local institute desiring a course similar to the 

 one put on at Grimsby, and followed by the one 

 on Dec. 18, 19 and 20, at Trenton, should cor- 

 respond with Mr. Putman for particulars. The 

 following resolution passed by the Trenton 

 meeting shows the attitude of those who at- 

 tended the meeting: 



"We, the fruit growers of Trenton and the 

 surrounding vicinity, desire to express our 

 appreciation of the action taken by the farmers' 

 institute branch of the Department of Agricul- 

 ture in _ putting on this three days' course of 

 instruction ; we consider it has been of very great 

 value to those in attendance, and we trust the 

 said department may see fit to favor the coun- 

 ties of Prince Edward, Hastings and Northum- 

 berland with a series of such meetings." 



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