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plants from external injury^ is to bring about their speedy 

 and full establisluneut in the i,aound. No plants, as I 

 conceive, can be said to be fully established in the ground, 

 unless they shoot forth with freedom, according to the soil in 

 which they are placed, and that appears to depend, in open 

 exposures, on their complete possession of all the Pro- 

 tecting Properties ; or, in other words, that nearly as 

 active a vegetation shall be carried on, and nearly as great 

 a deposition of nutrient matter made in them, as in suljjects 

 of similar magnitude in close plantations, in the same soil 

 and chmate. That shoots of equal, or nearly equal length 

 should in any case be sent forth, by exposed as by sheltered 

 trees (as is the case at this place,) is a fact probably unexam- 

 pled in itself, and, in order to gain belief, the thing requires 

 to be seen, or at least supported by very unexceptionable 

 evidence. 



It has been calculated by some arboriculturists, and 

 probably with correctness, that a young plantation judiciously 

 prepared, and afterwards kept clean with the hoe, for seven 

 or eight years, will grow more within that space of time, 

 than it would do in twenty years, by the ordinary method of 

 planting, without such preparation and keeping. If this be 

 true, I believe, it may be said, with at least equal justice, that 

 close plantations of removed wood, if properly executed, and 

 kept with the hoe for three years, are equal to ordinary 

 plantations of at least forty, or five-and-forty years' standing, 

 in this climate. At the end of four or five years, they will 

 branch out on every side with such luxuriance, as to require 

 the utmost industry of the primer to restrain them within due 

 limits : and yet it is indispensably necessary that they should 

 be so restrained, in order that the standard or grove trees 

 should be kept spiral, and the underwood subordinate in its 

 character. 



Upon the whole, I may assert with truth, after the expe- 

 rience of more than forty years, that there are no plantations 



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