THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



27 



first it makes a narrow channel, but 

 with the increase in the size of the 

 insect and its appetite, the channel 

 becomes wider and a trumpet-shaped 

 mine is the result. 



The full-grown caterpillar is not 

 more than a quarter-inch in length. 

 In color it is green with a brown head. 

 It changes to a pupa about the middle 

 of July. After about 10 days in this 

 condition the adult, which is an incon- 

 spicuous brown moth, appears. 



These moths soon commence de- 

 positing the eggs that produce the 

 second brood. The second brood cater- 

 pillars are much more destructive than 

 the first. They reach maturity about 

 September I, when they cease feeding 

 and prepare for winter. After lining 

 the mine with silk they settle down until 

 spring when they change to pupae. 

 They remain in this condition only a 

 few days when they become moths. 



As the caterpillars feed beneath the 

 leaf surface, application of insecticides 



(2) A Badly-infested Tree 



is useless. The most effective remedy 

 is to gather up and destroy the leaves 



in the fall. Where orchards are regularly 

 tilled the early spring plowing will be 

 equally effective. 



A fully illu.strated bulletin by Mr. 

 C. D. Jarvis, giving the life history of 

 the insect will be issued soon and can 

 be secured by addres.sing The Storrs 

 Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, 

 Connecticut. 



Central packing houses should be 

 established in every locality where apples 

 are grown, and all the fruit should be 

 sent there to be graded and packed. In 

 connection with the packing house, 

 some means should be used to manu- 

 facture the culls into either evaporated 

 fruit or jam. The apples should be de- 

 livered just as taken from the trees, 

 graded into No. 1, No. 2 and culls, and 

 be paid for by the barrel or box, accord- 

 ing to grade. — A. E. Sherrington, Walk- 

 erton, Ont. 



TKe Apple Industry in Ontario and its Future^ 



A. McNeill, Chief, Fruit Division, Ottawa 



IN 'addition to the west there is an- 

 other growing market available for the 

 Ontario grower, namely, the market of 

 Great Britain. It has formerly been 

 an axiom of apple growers that Canadian 

 fruit would be acceptable in Great 

 Britain only when there was a failure 

 of the English and European crop. 

 This conception of the British market 

 is not a true one. For a number of 

 years a large quantity of early fruit has 

 gone from Canada to Great Britain, and 

 prices have always been quite satisfac- 

 tory, and there appears to be no good 

 reason why this market should not con- 

 tinue and, in all probability, increase 

 even in the face of the competition with 

 the apples of the home market. It is 

 quite true that the Canadian apples will 

 not compete with the best early fruit of 

 Great Britain, but there are certain 

 features of the business that are dis- 

 tinctly in favor of the Canadian growers. 

 First, we have an admirable system of 

 ocean transportation and a fair degree 

 of efficiency in the railway transporta- 

 tion. If the early fruit is cooled prop 

 eriy before being packed and then 

 shipped in a refrigerator car, there is 

 almost an absolute certainty of its 

 reaching Great Britain in the best of 

 order. The question, therefore, of losses 

 in transhipment is reduced to a mini- 

 mum. During the last two or three sea- 

 sons the cargo inspectors at Montreal 

 and at ports in Great Britain have verv 

 carefully reported upon the condition 

 of the apples at the time of shipment 



♦The continuation of an address delivered be- 

 fore the recent convention of the Ontario Fruit 

 Growers' Association and published in the last 

 issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. 



and upon arrival in Great Britain, and 

 in no case has there been a serious loss 

 where it would be shown that the fruit 

 was properly started from the orchards. 



BENEFIT OF BIG SHIPMENTS 



In the British markets the Ontario 

 grower has upon his side the large 



(3) Infested with Leaf-Miners 



_ An apple leaf with both a trumpet mine and a serpen- 

 tine mine. The latter is caused by a different species 

 and IS not so abundant. 



brokers and fruit merchants. The Can- 

 adian apples reach the brokers and fruit 

 merchants in uniform packages, uni- 

 formly graded, and in large quantities 

 compared with English fruit of one or 



two varieties. This element of uniform- 

 ity in grading packages and variety will, 

 itself, almost offset all the disadvan- 

 tages that we have in the matter of 

 transportation. It is easier for the fruit 

 merchants to buy and distribute Can- 

 adian apples than it is to buy and dis- 

 tribute the home-grown fruit. The 

 English orchards have the disadvantage 

 of being planted with a great many dif- 

 ferent varieties, and no two portions of 

 England put up their fruit in the same 

 kind of packages. It is very difficult 

 for the dealer in Great Britain to get 

 the same varieties or the same packages 

 of home-grown fruit twice. This makes 

 all transactions in English fruit a retail 

 affair, and naturally the large sales all 

 go to the Canadian or American product. 

 As compared with the American apples, 

 I quote from the latest number of an 

 English market paper, The English 

 Grocer, to show that Canadian apples 

 have a preference of two shillings per 

 barrel, which effectually protects them 

 from any serious competition from states 

 to the south of us. 



Taking these two markets then, the 

 markets of the western provinces and 

 the British markets, I see no reason why 

 the present stock of apples should not 

 be sold at good prices if proper means are 

 taken to place them upon the markets. 



One word more with reference to this 

 southern division. No. 1. If, then, the 

 market for early fruit is to be a growing 

 one. I should strongly recommend that 

 the growers confine themselves very 

 largely to the early varieties. The Red 

 Astrachan can be shipped from the 

 county of Essex the third week in July, 

 the Duchess the last of July and the 

 first of August; the Wealthy, of course, 



