108 



THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



May, 1907 



Straightness of trunk is desirable for 

 convenience in cultivation, and clean- 

 ness of trunk because it affords no shelter 

 for insects. A dense branching habit 

 prevents the free entrance of sunlight, 

 is inconvenient in harvesting and 

 adds to the expense of pruning. 



cause orchard trees are planted at 

 regular distances apart. In scoring the 

 fruit, stress is laid on form, size and 

 color because these are very important 

 in packing, grading and marketing, 

 representing, as they do, true money 

 value; but it will be noted that the 



Plant Breeder's Score Card 



APPLE (Ideal, No. 1) 



|- Purpose — Winter, dessert, market. 



(ft! Points Score of 



1 — Plant Perfection Seedling 



Rootage — Vigorous, resistant to rot 



■^ — and aphis, deep 25 



Habit of growth — (a) Trunk, 



1^ straight, strong, clean 8 



(b) Branches, moderately nu- 

 merous only, not willowy. ... 8 



f (c)Form, low rather than high, 



— but not drooping, head ojjen, 



I*- symmetrical 9 



Foliage — Plentiful, large, free from 



'=^*- disease, dark green. 25 



Blossoms — Self-fertile ; blooming 



<^ih- late 25 



Hardiness of tree as to climate 15 



Earliness of bearing 25 



Productiveness — (Taking Ben Davis 



or Baldwin as standard) 60 



Total. 



200 



=I^FIR5 Fruit 



Upper Part of a Tree Bearing Many Grafts 



This illustrates hcnv the fruiting of seedlings is hastened 



Low trees are desirable in picking 

 the fruit and in spraying, and an up- 

 right branching habit because droop- 

 ing branches interfere with cultivation. 

 Svmmetrical heads are convenient be- 



highest values of all are attached in one 

 case to productiveness of tree and in 

 the other to quality of fruit, the two 

 chief factors to be taken into account in 

 the development of this particular ideal. 



Form — Regular, round or roundish- 

 oblate, with regular cavity and 



"^ basin, calyx closed 20 



Size — Should average 2% inches hor- 

 *- izontally and 2}4 vertically. . 20 



Color — Handsome, almost covered 

 with rich red on golden yellow 

 ground 30 



Freedom from disease or blemishes. 20 



Uniformitv in size (not over 10% 



below'2J^ inches) 20 



Quality — (a) Dessert, say equal to 



Spy or Spitzenburg 40 



(6) Shipping, carrying well with- 

 out bruising or slacking, skin 



not tender 25 



(c) Keeping, natural season Jan- 

 uary to 1st April, cold storage 

 tilljune 25 



Total 200 



Total for tree and fruit 400 



iTo be Coittitiued.) 



)<. Poisoned Bordeaux Mixture tKe Summer Spray 



T. D. Revett, Department of Agricultvire, Toronto 



IF the fruit grower means to make any 

 profit from his apples, and to pro- 

 duce a clean crop, he must spray. 

 He must use poisoned Bordeaux mix- 

 ture and it must be applied at the proper 

 time. As soon as ground is dry enough, 

 and before the buds are out, go through 

 the orchard and spray it thoroughly 

 with copper sulphate — the proportion of 

 which should be four pounds of copper 

 sulphate to 40 gallons of water. This 

 mixture is the most important in the 

 treatment of the apple scab, and should, 

 in no case, be omitted. 



The poisoned Bordeaux mixture is so 

 called because poison is added to the 

 Bordeaux to kill the biting insects. The 

 Bordeaux itself affects the scab. The 

 formula of this mixture is four pounds of 

 copper sulphate, five pounds of good, 

 unslaked lime and five ounces of Paris 

 green to 40 gallons of water. 



MAKING BORDEAUX MIXTURE 



To prepare the mixture, dissolve the 

 sulphate with boiHng water and dilute 



to about 20 gallons. Then slake the 

 lime gradually. Be careful not to 

 drown the lime by adding too much 

 water while slaking. If hot water is 

 used, slaking will be done more easily 

 and thoroughly. When Hme is slaked, 

 dilute to about 15 gallons and pour it 

 into the copper sulphate solution and 

 mix properly. Measure five ounces of 

 Paris green, mix to a paste with a little 

 water, and when the paste is properly 

 made, dilute with water enough to en- 

 able it to pour. Fill the spraying tank 

 with the copper and lime solution, agi- 

 tate well, then pour in the Patris green. 

 ,^— Test the mixture by taking A little of 

 •it in a cup and dropping one or two 

 drops of potassium ferrocyanide into it. 

 If the mixture does not change color it ; 

 is all right; but, should a reddish color 

 appear, the copper sulphate has not been 

 neutralized, not enough lime has been 

 used, and the mixture, if applied in that 

 state, will injure the foHage by burning. 



To avert this, more lime must be put in 

 until the test is satisfied. 



The average grower cannot afford to 

 use anything but Paris green to poison 

 his mixture. The only objection to it 

 is Ihat it is very insoluble and settles 

 rapidly. Therefore, continuous agita- 

 tion is necessary. 



A poison that gives good results is 

 lead arsenate. It is harder to mix, but 

 is more soluble than Paris green and 

 stays in suspension longer. It has to be 

 used in larger quantities, four pounds in 

 a 40 gallon mixture, and it is more ex- 

 pensive. One application is sufficient. 

 ' -Spray just when buds are opening, to 

 kill bud moths and cigar case borers. 

 The second application should be given 

 as soon as the petals fall and while the 

 young apple is upright. This spraying 

 is of special value in combatting the cod- 

 ling moths. The third spraying should 

 be appHed when the apples are the size 

 of a five cent piece. This spraying is 

 chiefly for scab and leaf-eating insects. 



