THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



131 



ng varieties were Delaware, Admiral Dewey. 

 Maggie Murphy, and White Mammoth. ^ 



SCALE TREATMENTS IN OHIO 



The results of treating San Jose Scale with 

 sulphur sprays and other compounds are given 

 in Bulletin 169 of the Agri. Expt. Station, 

 Wooster, Ohio. It has been shown that care- 

 ful straining and application as quickly as pos- 

 sible after the mixture is prepared, is essential 

 to effective treatment. The size of the trees 

 and the condition of the bark proved to have 

 much to do with the success in controlUng the 

 Scale. The mixture that gave the best results 

 was composed of 15 to 20 lbs. of lime and 15 

 lbs. of sulphur in enough water to form a thick 

 liquid, and afterwards diluted to make 50 gals. 

 Sjiring application is the most advisable, but 

 if it is impossible to do the work at that time, 

 a fall spraying is recommended. In cases of 

 extreme infestation both spring and fall spray- 

 ings are advised. 



PRUNING EXPERIMENTS 



Bulletin S of the State Horticultural Society, 

 Madison, Wis., in discussing the best methods 

 of pruning orchard trees, says that to prune 

 intelligently it is necessary to be acquainted 

 with the principles of plant growth. These 

 principles are fully outlined. The difference 

 between fruit buds and leaf buds and the heal- 

 ing of wounds in fruit trees are explained. 

 Pruning young trees and renovating neglected 

 trees, as well as the most desirable season for 

 pruning, and the most efficient pruning tools, 

 are treated. 



BULLETINS FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE 



The Gypsy Moth, which has been a source of 

 trouble in New Hampshire, is dealt with in 

 Bulletin 121 of the Agri. Expt. Station at 

 Durham, N.H. Striking illustrations are used 

 in connection with the life history of this in- 

 sect, and general remedies suggested. Bulletin 

 123 comprises a report of fertilizer inspection 

 conducted at that station during 1905. Out 

 of 105 brands sampled and analyzed, 27 failed 

 to equal the guarantee in one or more ingredi- 

 ents, while in all but nine a lack of one element 

 was made good by an excess of another Tables 

 showing the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric 

 acid and potash are included. 



MICHIGAN BULLETIN ON INSECTS 



Bulletin 233 recently issued by the Mich. 

 Expt. Station at Lansing, is one of the most 

 exhaustive works on insects of the garden in 

 print. The garden crops are arranged alpha- 

 betically with the various insects attacking 

 each crop placed in order under each division. 

 The different stages of the numerous insects 

 arc clearly illustrated by drawings and cuts. 

 Life histories, preventives, and remedies, are 

 given for each pest. Every gardener should 

 have this bulletin for reference. 



DELAWARE BULLETINS 



Experiments conducted at the Delaware Exjjt. 

 Station, Newark, Del., regarding the relative 

 efficiency of dust and liquid spraying, are out- 

 lined in Bulletin 72. The advantages and dis- 

 advantages of dust sprays are discussed. The 

 formula used for the latter was superfine limoid, 

 100 lbs. ; pulverized copper sulphate, 2 lbs. ; 

 Paris green or green arsenoid, 2 lbs.; and sul- 

 phur, 2 lbs.; while in the liquid sprays Bor- 

 deaux mixture and Paris green were used. The 

 results showed that the liquid sjjraying gave 

 slightly better results, Paris green in liquid 

 leaving 3 4-10% of wormy fruit in the total 

 yield, and in dust 4 4-10%. The green arse- 

 noid in liquid resulted in 4 3-10% wormy fruit, 

 and in dust 7 3-10%. It is recommended that 

 on level ground the liquid spraying outfit be 

 used, but on hilly ground or where rapid and 

 thorough work is desired the dust spraying 

 may be practised with good results. In large 

 orchards a combination of the two is sug- 

 gested. 



Some experiences with insecticides for San 

 Jose scale are outlined in Bulletin 74. Lime, 

 sulphur and salt washes and soluble oils, such 



as Scalecide and Kalloscale, and kerosene emul- 

 sion were experimented with. The lime sul- 

 phiu: and salt gave satisfactory results when 

 applied late in the fall and early in the spring. 

 The soluble oils produced varying success. 

 The kerosene emulsion with soap as an emul- 

 sifying agent was effective. 



ILLINOIS BULLETINS 



The possible profits from the farmer's vege- 

 table garden are discussed in Bulletin 105 of 

 the Agri. Expt. Station, Urbana, 111. In 1900 

 half an acre was selected on which to grow an 

 assortment of vegetables suitable for the farm- 

 er's garden. The vegetables were arranged in 

 the order of their planting so that the unplant- 

 ed portion could be harrowed to keep it free 

 from weeds and to supply moisture after early 

 crops were harvested the later crops were put 

 in their steads. The same general plan was 

 followed for five years with varying results. 

 The net profits for each year from 1900 to 1904 

 were: $51.78, §33.41, $93.35, $84.63 and $111.08, 

 or an average net profit for the 5 years of $74.85. 

 This excellent bulletin contains a plan of the 

 garden with the space devoted to each crop, 

 the cultural methods followed, and a full ac- 

 count of expenses and returns for each year's 

 operatioES. 



Bulletin 106 discusses the relative merits of 

 dust and liquid sprays for the apple orchard. 

 Experiments under different conditions and 

 with the various orchard pests showed that 

 liquid sprayed trees produced fruit of better 

 quality. The dust spray proved to be 52% 

 cheaper, and was much more readily trans- 

 ported about the orchard, but it had no other 

 advantages. 



A CORNELL BULLETIN 



The blight canker of apple trees is well illus- 

 trated and fully described in Bulletin 236 of 

 the Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. After 

 experimenting to find out the best treatment 

 for this disease it was decided that cutting out 

 the cankers with a sharp knife and swabbing 

 the wound with a weak solution of corrosive 

 sublimate (one tablet to one pint of water), 

 or with a 3% solution of copper sulphate (one 

 oz. to two gals, of water), and a thorough 

 painting with heavy lead paint after it dries, 

 was the most effective remedy. It is advised 

 that this work be done early in the season to 

 prevent the spread of the canker, and to allow 

 the wound a long period in which to heal. Pre- 

 ventive measures are discussed. Wolfe River, 

 Talman Sweet, Pewaukee, Red Astrachan, 

 Tetofsky, Grimes Golden, Wine Sap, and Fa- 

 meuse, are mentioned as the varieties that are 

 most resistent to this disease. The more sus- 

 ceptible varieties are Baldwin, Ben Davis, 

 Mann, Hubbardston, Fall Pippin, Stark and 

 Greening. 



BULLETINS FRO.M GENEVA 



In Bulletin 227 of the New York Agri. Expt. 

 Station, Geneva, N.Y., experiments have been 

 conducted with a destructive apple rot that 

 follows the apple scab. The results of these 

 experiments showed that the disease could be 

 held in check by a thorough spraying to pre- 

 vent the scab, and by discarding all fruits that 

 show any signs of the disease when the fruit 

 is being picked and sorted. It is advised that 

 the fruit be stored in a dry place with a tem- 

 perature below 45 deg., as soon as possible 

 after picking. Cold storage retards the de- 

 velopment of the fungus, but the spores begin 

 growth when brought into a warmer atmos- 

 phere. 



A report of "analyses of samples of fertilizers 

 collected from different firms is published in 

 Bulletin 272. The quantity of nitrogen, avail- 

 able phosphoric acid, total phosphoric acid and 

 water soluble potash in 100 lbs. of the fertilizer 

 are given for each brand. 



Experiments were conducted in treating San 

 Jose scale with sulphur washes, kerosene mix- 

 tures and Scalecide. The lime washes proved 

 satisfactory, but the results did not show 

 whether or not there was danger of injuring 



the tree by applying the spray in the fall. 

 Kerosene emulsion proved unsatisfactory, and 

 experiments will be conducted to determine 

 if a safe and efficient combination of the lime 

 and oil can be made. Trees treated during the 

 dormant season with Scalecide were free from 

 living scale during June, July and early Aug., 

 but with weaker preparations living scales were 

 noticed during the latter part of that month 

 Applications containing 3% of Scalecide had 

 little or no effect on the pest. 



Government Help Wanted __ 



D. Johnson, Forest, Ont. 



During the last few years a great deal has been 

 said about the co-operative movement among 

 fruit growers. The hope is frequently expressed 

 that the movement may become general, as it 

 seems the only practical method of getting 

 farmers to take an interest in their orchards. 



Co-operation, however, necessitates greater 

 care and responsibiUty than the ordinary farmer 

 cares to assume unless he can see he will gain 

 distinct personal advantage by so doing. 



Fruit growers contemplating such a step meet 

 with the opposition of the local dealers who, 

 seeing their business in danger, discourage the 

 growers in every way possible from co-operative 

 action and usually succeed in getting the grow- 

 ers to sell their fruit to him, when he walks off 

 with a large part of the profit that belongs to 

 the producers. 



Such being the evil influences exercised against 

 the co-operative movement, 1 believe the asso- 

 ciations have a right to ask that fruit growers 

 undertaking co-operative work in the right spirit 

 should be given assistance. A man thoroughly 

 acquainted with the circumstances should be 

 sent by the government to the British markets, 

 where he would in public and in private 

 explain to the trade there the advantages of 

 buying direct from the central packing houses 

 in Canada. The pack of the association could be 

 assured by strict government inspection, so that 

 any brand recognized by the provincial associa- 

 tion would be a sufficient guarantee of honestly 

 packed fruit. 



If a man such as Mr. Sherrington of Walkerton, 

 if he would undertake the work, was for a time 

 stationed in F^ngland, much good would result, 

 as he has already done more for the co-operative 

 movement than any other man in the province. 



An effort in this way on the part of the govern - 

 ment, would be of great value to the movement 

 and would encourage those who have taken a 

 leading part in pressing forward the work. 



If a good market is assured the fruit growers 

 who co-operate, they will be quick to avail them- 

 selves of the opportunity for organization. 

 Orchards that are neglected now would flourish 

 through the apphcation of the intelUgent care 

 they would soon receive once a market was 

 opened for their product. 



MarK PacKages -witK a Stencil 



A. McNeill, Chief Fruit Division, Ottawa 



Question — Will a lead-pencil or a tag meet the 

 requirements of the F>uit Marks Act in mark- 

 ing barrels and boxes? — Apple Shipper. 



Answer — The Fruit Marks .'Vet requires that 

 the name and address of the packer, the variety 

 of the fruit and the grade of it shall be marked 

 in "a plain and indelible manner" on all closed 

 packages. A lead-pencil is usuaUy not "indel- 

 ible," and is very seldom "plain." While it 

 would be wrong to infer that a pencil could not 

 under certain circumstances be used it is mucli 

 better, quite apart from the Fruit Marks Act, 

 to mark every box and barrel of fruit with u 

 stencil, or, in some cases, with a rubber stamp. 

 A tag is so easily detached that it could not be 

 accepted as marking the package in an "in- 

 dehble" manner. The marks nmst be placed 

 on the package itself with a stencil, or in some 

 way so as to make them permanent. 



