PLATE 26. 



OX-EYE DAISY, Chrysanthemum Leucanlhemum, L. 



Other English names : White Daisy, White Weed. 

 Other Latin name : Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. 



(Noxious: Dom., Ont.). 



Introduced. Perennial, shallow-rooted. Stems numerous, simple or little 

 branched, 1 to 3 feet high. Basal leaves spatulate or oblong, crenate or 

 coarsely toothed, narrowed into slender petioles; stem leaves sessile, partly 

 clasping, deeply divided at the base and coarsely toothed above. Flower- 

 heads solitary on long, naked peduncles, very handsome, 1| to 2 inches across ; 

 rays 20 to 30 pure white, spreading, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disk tiowers 

 yellow. Seeds club-shaped or elongate-ovate, T \ of an inch in length, 

 usually curved, almost straight on one side, and convex on the other, the 

 knob-like scar at the top prominent ; there are 10 well defined white ridges 

 which run the whole length of the seed, meeting at both ends ; between these 

 ridges the surface of the seed is black minutely dotted with white ; no pappus. 



Time of Flowering : June ; seeds ripe July. 



Propagation : By short offsets from the woody rootstock ; also more abun- 

 dantly by seeds. 



Occurrence : Enormously abundant in old pastures, in meadows and by 

 roadsides from the Atlantic coast to the borders of Manitoba, and occasional 

 along the railway to the Pacific coast. 



Injury : A rank and aggressive weed in hay meadows, where it soon 

 chokes out the grass. Seeds a common impurity in grass and clover seeds. 



Remedy : Being a shallow-rooted perennial, the ploughing down of in- 

 fested sod will kill all of the growing plants. A short rotation including 

 seeding down to clover at short intervals, is probably the best method of 

 cleaning land of this pernicious weed. The Ox-eye Daisy flowers at the time 

 clover is ready to cut for hay, and, if this is done in good season, its seeds 

 cannot ripen; when the sod is ploughed down, the old plants are destroyed. 



A plant which is sometimes miscalled the " Ox-eye Daisy " is the beauti- 

 ful BLACK-F.YEU CONE-FLO AVER, RudbecTda, hirta, L., widely known as Yellow 

 Daisy and Black-eyed Susan. This showy biennial weed is one of the excep- 

 tions to the usual direction of travel with introduced plants. Most of these 

 have gone with civilization towards the West, but this denizen of the western 

 plains has been brought eastward, probably with the seeds of grasses and 

 clovers, and is now not uncommon in all provinces of Canada. It is a rather 

 coarse rough-hairy biennial with long lanceolate undivided hairy leaves 

 and with flower-heads of the same size as those of the Ox-eye Daisy, with 

 glaring golden orange rays and a dark purple cone-shaped disk. The seeds 

 [Plate 55, fi?. 56 natural size and enlarged 4 times] are black, 4-anfrled, 

 narrow, with parallel sides about $ inch long and without pappus. Mea- 

 dows can be cleared of this weed by mowing, if this is done before the seeds 

 are ripe. 



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