NEL?oNi . IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 73 



PESTLES 



In connection with the round-bottom trays used to contain food, 

 broad-head wooden pestles are used for crushing berries, seal fat, or 

 livers of birds and fish with which various pastry mixtures are made. 



Plate XXXI, 3, from the lower Yukon, and plate xxxi, 7, from Ikog- 

 mut, represent typical examples of these implements. They are made 

 of wood, with large spreading heads and slightly convex lower sur- 

 faces; they taper in somewhat conical form toward the handle, which 

 in one consists of a large ring cut from the same piece as the head, 

 and in the other has a flaring rim shaped like the bottom of a goblet. 



BLUBBER HOOKS AND CAKRIERS 



Figure 8, plate xxxiiia, illustrates a hook for handling blubber, 

 obtained on Nuuivak island by Doctor Ball. It consists of a short 

 wooden handle curved to a pistol-like grip at the upper end, and having 

 a slot on the inside of the lower end, in which is set the butt of a 

 sharp-pointed ivory spur, which is pierced with a large bole, through 

 which passes a strong rawhide lashing, which also passes through the 

 wooden handle a little above the insertion of the ivory point. The 

 base of the ivory point is held in position in the slot by means of an 

 ivory pin, which is inserted through a hole made in the handle and in 

 the base of the hook. 



A curious article, intended for carrying small pieces of meat or other 

 articles when traveling (figure 9, plate xxxiiirt), was obtained at Chalit- 

 mut. It consists of a wooden handle about seven inches long, slightly 

 curved along the middle and pierced near both ends to admit the points 

 of a crescentic rod of deerhorn, truncated at one end and pointed at 

 the other, which is passed through one end of the wooden handle and 

 wedged in by a wooden pin; the pointed end fits into the hole in the 

 opposite side. Just above this the handle is pierced to receive a raw- 

 hide loop, by which it can be hung up or carried. Pieces of meat or 

 other objects are placed upon the carrier by being slipped upon the 

 rod, which is withdrawn for the purpose, after which it is returned and 

 the point again inserted into the hole in which it fits. 



BAGS FOR WATER AND OIL 



For carrying water or seal oil while making hunting trips at sea or 

 on land small bags made from the stomachs or the bladders of reindeer, 

 white whale, seal, or walrus are in common use. They hold from one 

 to four quarts, and usually are provided with ivory nozzles, which are 

 inserted in the narrow necks of the bags, and are then firmly lashed 

 with sinew cord above the projecting ridge at the inner ends of the 

 nozzles. In order that they may be filled easily these nozzles are 

 made usually with a slightly flaring mouthpiece, which sometimes is 



