NELSON] BOAT HOOKS AND PADDLES 223 



being etched on the sides of the hook. A hook from Big lake (figure 

 22, plate lxxviii) has two raised heads extending along each side near 

 the middle. Another, from the same place (figure 24, plate lxxyiii), has 

 the back carved into the form of the head and body of a wolf, with 

 etched lines below on the sides to represent the legs. A boat hook 

 from Sledge island (figure 5, plate lxxx) has a strong wooden shaft, 3 

 feet 9 inches long, grooved along both sides. It has a double-point 

 hook of deerhorn bound to one side by a rawhide lashing, which passes 

 through two holes in the shaft and through corresponding holes in 

 the hook. The other end of the shaft is heavily grooved crosswise 

 to afford a firmer grasp. 



These double-point hooks are frequently notched at the ends, so 

 that the points become double, as shown in the specimen from St 

 Michael, illustrated in figure 18, plate lxxviii. Boat hooks of this 

 style are commonly used for drawing out articles from the interior of 

 kaiaks which can not be reached with the hand. 



An ivory hook (figure 17, plate lxxviii) obtained on Norton sound 

 by Mr L. M. Turner, has a forked point at one end and the head of a 

 seal carved on the other. 



A boat hook from the lower Yukon (figure 2, plate lxxx) has a round 

 handle, three feet in length, with a deerhorn hook lashed with spruce 

 roots to one side of the end; the lashing passes through two holes 

 in the handle, then through a corresponding hole near the outer end of 

 the hook, and around a notch at the base. The holes in the handle, 

 through which the loops pass, are plugged with wooden pins to bind 

 the lashings. A detached hook for a similar implement from the lower 

 Yukon, shown in figure 16, plate lxxviii, has its surface covered with 

 a heavily etched pattern. 



A short boat hook from the lower Kuskokwim (figure 4, plate lxxx) 

 has a backward -pointed spur of deerhorn near one end, which is held 

 in place by rawhide lashings through holes in the hook and in the shaft. 

 A pointed spur of deerhorn at the butt is set in a groove in the same 

 side as the hook at the other end, and is fastened by strong rawhide 

 cords passed through holes in the spur and thence around the notched 

 shaft. The ends of the lashings at each end of the hook are inserted in 

 slits made in the shaft with a flat-point chisel of bone or ivory. 



PADDLES 



In Kotzebue sound the blades of the paddles used on umiaks are 

 made rounded and very short. North of this district, at Point Hope, 

 the paddle blades are lanceolate in shape, broadest near the handle, 

 and taper downward to a long, sharp point. 



The paddles used on kaiaks are made in two forms, one having a 

 blade at each end and the other being provided with a single blade. 

 The forms of the blades vary according to locality. The single-blade 

 paddles have the handles terminating in a crossbar, which is sometimes 



