454 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 



Receptacle and leaves of calyx and calycle persisting round base of 

 fruit. — Perennial herbs, usually stoloniferous, villous or silky, more 

 rarely glabrous ; subterranean stem (sympodium) thick woody ; 

 leaves alternate, trifoliolate,more rarely pinnate; stipules membranous 

 adnate to sheathing base of petiole ; flowers terminal or leaf-opposed, 

 solitary or more frequently in a cyme terminating a common scape. 

 {Temjjerate and alpine regions all over Northern Hemisphere, mountains 

 of South America and Mascarene Islands.) See p. 355. 



13. Potentilla T. — Flowers (of Fragaria) 4-5-merous. Stamens 

 20- X) (of the Rosacea), more rarely 10 {Horkelia), or 5, opposite 

 either sepals {Sibbaldia, Ivesia), or petals {Chamcerhodos). Carpels oc, 

 (of Fragaria), rarely few or 1 {Stellariopsis) ; stjde often articulated 

 at base terminal or ventral. Achenes (of Fragaria) inserted on 

 finally dry or spongy receptacle. Other characters of Fragaria. — 

 Herbs or undershrubs ; leaves alternate, digitate or pinnate ; stipules 

 adnate to base of petiole. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or 

 in corymbose cymes. {All temperate and cold regions.) See p. 357. 



14. Rubus L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous ; recep- 

 tacle disk and perianth of Fragaria ; calyx ecalyculate, imbricate or 

 finally valvate. Stamens oo {oi\\\Q Rosacea). Carpels co , more rarely 

 few; ovary usually 2- ovulate ; ovules collateral descending ; micropyle 

 superior extrorse ; style subterminal. Drupes oo , 1 -seeded, inserted on 

 dry or spongy conical receptacle ; mesocarp rarely rather thin and 

 hardly fleshy. Seed pendulous ; embryo fleshy exalbuminous. — 

 Shrubs, usually sarmentose, aculeate or glandular, rarely creeping 

 herbs : leaves alternate, simple lobed or more rarely imparipinnate ; 

 stipules adnate to petiole ; flowers rarely solitar}', usually in axillary 

 or terminal corymbose cymes. {All temperate and warm countries.) 

 See p. 362. 



15. Geum. L. — Flowers of Fragaria; calyx rarely ecalyculate 

 {Stglipus). Carpels co , rarely few sub-definite {IFaldsteinia), mserted 

 on short or clavate, entire or plurifid receptacle; ovule 1, subbasilar 

 ascending ; micropyle inferior extrorse ; style terminal or subter- 

 minal, often articulated at base {Coluria, Waldstnnia), straight or 

 geniculate-in flexed, sometimes pilose {Sieversia). Achenes l-oo, 

 terminated by cicatrix of style, or straight or geniculate persistent 



