HORSE-SHOEING. 



20!) 



much as possible from the outer niargiu of the branch (Fig. 27), 

 in order to avoid treads and wounds to the opposite foot. 



Fig. 24. 



Fig. 25. 



As a rule, it is better that toe-pieces of the same height as the 

 calkins be used on all shoes, to keep the foot and limb from 

 being injured. 



The Canadian shoe, made of steel, concave on the ground-sur- 

 face, with the concavity forming a sharp edge on the margin, is 



^^^ZZJZZZ 



Fig. 26. 



Fig. 27. 



very useful when there is a thick layer of ice with snow. 



But perhaps the most useful and expeditious method of making 

 the horse useful on ice-covered roads is by the adoption of the 

 screw studs. For these, each new shoe, at the commencement of 

 the winter, has a circular hole punched at the heels and another 

 at the toe. This is screwed, and into it is fitted, for ordinary 

 wear, a flat-headed stud (Fig. 28), which is turned in with a 

 wrench. These studs last for some time, and preserve the shoe 

 from wear. When worn nearly to the level of the shoe, they are 

 removed and replaced by new ones. Should frost set in sud- 

 denly, the flat-headed studs have only to be removed by the 

 groom when the horse is required, and sharp steel ones sub- 

 stituted. This can be done in a few minutes. 

 N 



