UPPER HALF OF RABBIT. 43 



inserted into the olecranic process of the ulna on a semilunar raised line a little way above its 

 posterior angle. It here joins the triceps, to which in lower mammals it usually gives an addi- 

 tional head, only through fibrous expansions connecting it with the scapular head . See Nat. 

 Hist. Rev. 1 86 1, p. 512. 



(Q. Scapular head of triceps, concealing external humeral head. 



(77). Internal humeral head of triceps, exposed by removal of brachial vessels and nerves. 



(0). Biceps flexor brachii, which gives off a band of fascia from the anterior surface of its muscular 

 belly, passing on to the fascia enveloping the muscles of the fore-arm ; which, secondly, gives 

 off a narrow tendinous slip from its broad principal tendon, which connects itself with the radius 

 and the tendon of the pronator radii teres ; and which, thirdly, takes insertion by its broad 

 principal tendon into a well-marked pit just above the inner and lower border of the ulna and 

 below the anterior horn of its sigmoid articular surface. To show this insertion the pronator 

 radii teres and the flexor muscles of the fore-arm have been divided and turned aside. 



(). Brachial plexus, seen, in the absence of any fibres of the posterior belly of the omohyoid or of 

 the anterior scalene muscle, to be crossed vertically by phrenic nerve, and to give nerve-supply 

 to the sterno-scapular and sterno-clavicular muscles by a slender nerve arising by three roots ; 

 and to distribute other branches to the pectorals and shoulder and arm muscles. The phrenic 

 nerve has one principal root in the neck above the level at which the formation of the brachial 

 plexus begins ; it is connected, however, very usually with the factors of this plexus by more 

 than one nervous filament. The nerve passing to the sterno-scapular and sterno-clavicular 

 muscles is the homologue of the nerve given to the subclavius in man. For this portion of the 

 nervous system of the cervical region the figure and description given by Hirschfeld and Leveille 

 in their Neurologic, PI. 40, Fig. i, 1853, and reproduced in Quain's Anatomy, ed. 1882, 

 i. p. 604, Fig. 338, may be compared. For other portions of the nerves of the cervical region, 

 see Ludwig and Cyon, in Ludwig's Arbeiten for 1866, p. 148, or as reproduced in Cyon's Atlas 

 zur Methodik der Physiologischen Experimenten, Taf. xvi. 1876, or with some modifications in 

 Handbook for Physiological Laboratory, PI. xciii, or in Foster's Physiology, 4th ed. 1883, 

 p. 190 (ed. 3, p. 176). For the nerves in the upper part of the neck in the Rabbit, see Loven, 

 Ludwig's Arbeiten, /. c. Taf. i, and for the phrenic, Budge, Physiologic, 1862, p. 76. For the 

 cervical region in the Dog, see Schmiedeberg, ibid. 1871, p. 56, reproduced locc. citt. 



The literature of Comparative Myology is very extensive. Amongst the older 

 memoirs upon this subject may be specified Douglas, Myographiae Comparatae Spe- 

 cimen, 1707, and the authorities cited by Otto in his Compendium of Human and 

 Comparative Pathological Anatomy, translated by South, 1831, p. 245. Meckel, in 

 1 828, devoted one volume of his System derVergleichenden Anatomic to this subject. 

 It also occupies a great part of the first volume of the second edition of Cuvier's 

 Le9ons d' Anatomic Comparee, published in 1835, and is treated of in certain special 

 departments in the third and fourth volumes also. In the Vergleichende Anatomic 

 der Myxinoiden, S. A. pp. 216-247, I ^3S> S. A. pp. 109-111, 1841, of Johannes 

 Miiller, valuable views as to the general homologies of muscles are to be found. 

 Memoirs with similar scope but differing in results were written by Professor Goodsir 

 in 1857-1858 (see Anatom. Memoirs, i. p. 451, 1856), and the subject has subse- 

 quently been treated as a whole, and also in many specialised memoirs, by Professor 

 Humphry in successive issues of the Cambridge and Edinburgh Journal of Anatomy 

 and Physiol&gy (see his Observations in Myology, 1872, and especially pp. 105-188). 



Cuvier's plates of the Myology of Mammals were published by M. Laurillard 

 in 1849. The following memoirs may be mentioned as treating of the Comparative 

 Myology of the Primates : Ilg, Anatomic der Sehnenrollen, 1824 ; Burdach, Beitrag 

 zur Vergleichenden Anatomie der Affen, 1838; Vrolik, Recherches d'Anatomie 

 Compare'e sur le Chimpanze, 1841 ; Duvernoy, Archives du Musdum d'Histoire 

 Naturelle, viii. 1855-1856; Les Grands Singes pseudanthropomorphes ; Owen, 

 P. Z. S. i. pp. 28-67; Church, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861-1862, Myology of Orang; 



