AMPHIBIA : PISCES. 409 



opisthocoelous vertebrae in higher forms. Spelerpes, Amblystoma, Triton, Lisso- 

 triton, Salamandra, &c. 



III. Anura. Body compressed ; tail and branchiae lost ; hind-limbs of great 

 length, and used for leaping. Rana, Bufo, &c. 



IV. Stegocephali(=Labyrinthodontia,Ganocephala, and M~Kr0sauria,Auctorum). 

 A tail ; paired supra-occipital bones, supra-temporals, and post-orbitals present ; 

 generally also both pre- and post-frontals and orbital ring of bones ; pubes well 

 ossified ; extinct. Extend from the Permian to the Trias. 



Gymnophiona, Wiedersheim, 'Anatomie der Gymnophionen,' Jena, 1879. 

 Leydig, Z. W. Z. xviii. 1867-69. Development of Caedlia, Peters, Monatsberichte 

 Akad. Berlin, 1874-1875; of Epicrium, Sarasin, P. B. and E. F., Arb. Zool. Zoot. 

 Inst. Wurzburg, vii. 1885. 



Urodela. Anatomy of Salamandra perspidllata and Geotriton fuscus, Wieder- 

 sheim, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Geneva, vii. 1875. Ambly- 

 stoma punctatum, Id. Z. W. Z. xxxii. 1879. Pleurodeles Waltlii, Fraisse, Arb. 

 Zool. Zoot. Inst. Wurzburg, v. 1882 ; skeleton, Wiedersheim, J. Z. xiv. 1880. 

 'Molche der Wurtemburgischen Fauna,' Leydig, A. N. 33, 1867 (sep. Berlin, 1868). 

 Lateral line, Malbranc, Z. W. Z. xxvi. 1875 ; Merkel, Endigungen der sensibeln 

 Nerven in der Haut der Wirbelthiere, Rostock, 1880. Skull, W. K. Parker, Ph. 

 Tr. 167, 1877; Tr. L. S. (2), 1882; Tr. Z. S. xi. ; Wiedersheim, M. J. iii. 1877; 

 Stohr, Z. W. Z. xxxiii. 1880. Cartilage end of back-bone, Fraisse, Z. A. iii. 1880. 

 Cloacal and pelvic glands, Blanchard, Z. A. iv. 1881. Impregnation of Axolotl, &c. 

 Gasco, Z. A. iv. 1881. Change of same into Amblystoma, (i) natural, Velasco, Biol. 

 Centralbl. ii. 1882-83; (2) artificial, M. von Chauvin, Z.W. Z. xli. 1885, and xxvii. 

 1876; cf. von Siebold, ibid. vol. cited last ; cf. Weismann, Studies in Theory of 

 Descent (transl. by Meldola), pt. 3, 1882. Sexual Urodele larvae, Von Siebold, 

 Z. W. Z. xxviii. 1877. Larva of Salamandra atra, M. von Chauvin, Z. W. Z. xxix. 

 1877. Regeneration of lost parts, Gotte, Uber Entwickelung und Regeneration des 

 Gliedmassenskelets der Molche, Leipzig, 1879; Fraisse, Tagesblatt der 52 Ver- 

 samml. Deutsch. Naturf. Baden-Baden, 1879, p. 223; Id. Biol. Centralb. iii. 1883- 

 84 ; cf. Wiedersheim, M. J. ii. 1876. 



Anura. See p. 78-9, 82-3. Organs of adhesion of larva, Stohr, SB. Phys. 

 Med. Gesellsch. Wurzburg, 1881, p. 118; Niemiec, ' Les ventouses/ &c. ; Recuel, 

 Zool. Suisse, ii. (i), 1885. 



Stegocephali, Fritsch, Fauna der Gaskohle und der Kalksteine der Permforma- 

 tion Bohmens, Prague, i. 1883; ii. pt. "i, 1885 ; pt. 2, 1886; cf. Labyrinthodontia, 

 Brit. Association Reports, 1873, p. 225 ; 1874, p. 149 ; Cope0# Permian Batrachia, 

 American Naturalist, xviii. 1884. 



CLASS PISCES. 



Ichthyopsida in which the epidermis may develope glandular cells, but 

 not glands in the ordinary sense of the term, and the cutis is devoid of 

 muscular elements. The exoskeleton is greatly developed, and consists always 

 of a dermal portion (bone or dentine), to which enamel derived from the 

 epidermis may be added. It takes the form of teeth, scales, or large scutes. 



