7 JO THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



area ; no coelome ; a pair of nephridia ; hermaphrodite. Loxosoma, non-colonial ; 

 Pedicellina, colonial. See note i, p. 705. 



II. Ectoprocta. Lophophore post-oral; anus external to it ; a large coelome; 

 sexes sometimes separate (?). Colonial. 



1. Phylactolaemata. Lophophore horse-shoe shaped; a moveable epistome 

 overhanging the mouth ; fresh-water ; Cristatella, Pectinatella, Lophopus, Alcyonella, 

 Plumatella, Fredericella. 



2. Gymnolaemata. Lophophore orbicular; no epistome; marine with the 

 exception of Paludicella. 



i. Cydostomata. 'Cell mouth,' i.e. aperture left when tentacle-sheath is 

 retracted, not guarded by an operculum or processes ; zooecia tubular ; most 

 genera are fossil ; e. g. Crisia, Diastopora, &c. 



ii. Ctenostomata. ' Cell-mouth ' guarded by seta-like processes ; zooecium 

 never calcareous ; stem and root-cells often present ; e.g. Alcyonidium, Vesicularia 

 (= Valkeria\ Paludicella, &c. 



iii. Cheilostomata. 'Cell-mouth,' guarded by a thickened and moveable 

 operculum ; oral area to a great extent membranous ; ova usually matured in 

 ooecia; avicularia and vibracula often present; e.g. Aetea, Scrupocellaria, Flustra, 

 Membranipora, Lepralia, Eschara, Cellepora, &c. 



Entoprocta. Loxosoma, Harmer, Q. J. M. xxv. 1885, with lit. cited; Pedi- 

 cellina, Nitsche, Z. W. Z. xx. 1870 , its life history ', Harmer, Q. J. M. xxvii. (2), 

 1886 ; Barrois, A. Sc. N., (7), i. 1886. 



Ectoprocta, see p. 238. Fresh-water Polyzoa, Jullien, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 

 x. 1885; Polyzoa (Cheilostomata], Busk, Challenger Reports, x. 1884. 



Fossil Polyzoa, Zittel, Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Abth. i, Palaeozologie, i. 

 1880, p. 575. 



Ectoderm, &c., Ostroumoff, Z. A. viii. 1885. 



Intertentacular organ, Farre, Ph. Tr. 127, 1837, pp. 408, 412 ; Hincks, A. N. H. 

 (2), viii. 1851, p. 355 ; Id. Brit. Marine Polyzoa, i. p. Ixxxix. 



Special aperture for escape of ova; in Farrella (= Lagunculci], P. J. van Beneden, 

 Me'm. Ac. Roy. Belg. xviii. 1845, p. 18; in Hypophorella, Ehlers, Abhandl. K. Ges. 

 der Wissenschaften, Gottingen, xxi. 1876, p. 66 (not seen). 



Rudimentary tentacle sheath, &c.,for escape of ova ; in Alcyonella, MetschnikofT, 

 Bull. Ac. Imp. St. Petersburg, xv. 1871, p. 507 ; Nitsche, Z. W. Z. xxii. 1872, p. 467 ; 

 in Valkeria, &c. Joliet, A. Z. Expt. vi. 1877, p. 262. 



Floating colonies of Pectinatella, Kraepelin, Z. A. vii. 1884. 



Embryology of Phylactolaemata, Reinhard, Z. A. iii. 1880; cf. on Meta- 

 morphosis of do., Ostroumoff, Z. A. ix. 1886; of Gymnolaemata, Barrois, Journal de 

 1'Anat. et Physiol. xviii. 1882; cf. A. N. H. (5), x. 1882; Id. A. Sc. N., i. 1886; 

 Vigelius, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Naples, vi. 1886; of Cydostomata, Ostroumoff, Z. A. ix. 

 1886. 



Ooecium of Bugula, Vigelius, op. cit. p. 512. 



Gonoecium and Gonocyst, Hincks, 'Marine Polyzoa,' i. p. xcvi; p. 418. 





