744 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



radiate. One or all of the four primary septa (if such are distinguishable) are 

 marked out by size and strength, or by a slight development, in which case they lie 

 in a septal furrow. The septa usually alternate, a large one of the first order and a 

 short incomplete one of the second order. The calycle is usually provided with 

 tabulae and vesicular endotheca, i. e. secondary calcareous deposit. Reproduction 

 was sexual, or asexual, by calycular, or by parietal gemmation. The most interesting 

 forms are the Operculate corals, with one or four moveable opercula marked 

 internally by septa : the horn-shaped Cyathaxonia, simple with well-marked radial 

 septa and median columella, to which the living Duncania is perhaps allied : 

 Stauria, which forms Astraea-\\]ae masses with four principal septa in the calycle 

 arranged like a cross, from which the remaining septa tend to radiate, multiplying 

 by septal gemmation (p. 741) : Zaphrentis and Menophyllum, simple forms with 

 a deep furrow or fossula lodging the principal septum, and the other septa 

 radiating towards it : Cystiphyllum with a series of calycles one above the other, 

 filled with layers of vesicular endotheca, the vesicles arranged radiately to the axis 

 of the corallum. 



See general literature, p. 732. 



Actiniaria, see pp. 244-5. Add the following : Cereanthus, O. and R. Hert- 

 wig, Die Actinien, J. Z. xiii. p. 565 ; apertures in tentacles of, von Koch, M. J. vi. 



1880, p. 355. Edwardsia, O. and R. Hertwig, op. cit. p. 582. Zoanthidae, Erd- 

 mann, J. Z. xix. 1886. 



Antipatharia. Gephyra, von Koch, M. J. iv. 1887, p. 78 of Appendix 

 dedicated to von Siebold; Gerardia, de Lacaze Duthiers, A. Sc. N. (5), ii. 1864; 

 Antipathes (chiefly A. sub-pennata), Id. ibid. iv. 1865 ; A. larix, von Koch, op. cit. 



P- 75- 



Madreporaria. Deep-sea forms (with lit.), Moseley, Challenger Reports, ii. 



1 88 1. Stylophora, von Koch, J. Z. xi. 1877. Cladocora, von Heider, S.B. Akad. 

 Wien, Ixxxiv. Abth. i, 1881. Flabellum and Rhodopsammia, Fowler, Q. J. M. xxv. 

 1885; Madrepora, Id. ibid, xxvii. 1887. Stephanotrochus, W. L. Sclater, P. Z. S. 

 1886, pt. i. Fungia, G. C. Bourne, Q. J. M. xxvii. 1887. Seriatopora and Pocillo- 



pora, Moseley, Q. J. M. xxii. 1882. Reef-building Corals, Quelch, Challenger 

 Reports, xvi. 1886. Classification, Martin Duncan, J. L. S. xviii. 1885 (for techni- 

 cal terms, see pp. 200-2) ; also Quelch, op. cit. p. 38. 



Skeleton, Fowler, supra; von Koch, M. J. v. 1879; development in Astroides, 

 von Koch, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Naples, iii. 1882 ; increase in number of septa, and on 

 the theca, Id. M. J. viii. 1882 ; relation of soft parts to skeleton, Id. M. J. xii. 1886. 



Asexual reproduction, Semper, Generationswechsel, &c., Z. W. Z. xxii. 1872; 

 on Fungia, see also Moseley, Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger, 1879, 

 p. 524 ; cf. general papers, supra, and remarks in Dana, Coral Islands, pp. 28-38 ; 

 in Palaeozoic Corals, &c., von Koch, Palaeontographica, xxix. 1882-83 



Coral Reefs, Geikie, Nature, xxix. 1883-84 (summary of recent views with lit.) ; 

 Guppy, On the recent Calcareous Formations of the Solomon Group, Trans. Roy. 

 Soc. Edinburgh, xxxii. pt. 3, Session 1884-85. Coral Reefs, Darwin (ed. 2), 1874; 

 Corals and Coral Islands, Dana (ed. 2), 1875. 



Fossil Corals, Zittel, Palaeontologie, Abth. i, i. 1876-80; cf. Moseley on 

 Heliopora, Hickson on Tubipora, Nicholson on Corallium, cited note p. 731 ; 

 Operculate Corals (by Lindstrom), Moseley, Nature, xxviii. 1883. 



