Vh: ' \TKN. 



the sum of human knowledge regarding elect ri.-itv, 

 for more than tuothou - fei mentation was el 1 



without any kno\\ ledge of its cause. 1;, 



H! cannot appeal \\itho lit 



per Mlfceoectont, Tims, before fermentation eould 

 be understood, tin- micro.-eope had t<> be in\ented. and 



,t to a considerable degree of perfection. Note the 



:i of knowledge. Leenwenhoek, in lu^'. found 

 to be a mass of floating globules, but lie had no notion 

 that tin- globules were an ve, Tin- wu proved in 1- 



ard tic la Tour and Schwann. Tlion canu- the jnrs- 

 tion as to tin- origin of such nn oruani.-nis. and in 



>nnM-tion tin- ihcinoir nf I'astmr. |iuhli.-!ii'.| in the 

 Annales de C'hiinie " for 1862, is the inauguration of a 

 neu ejM.fh. 



On that investigation all 1'astem's siih-MMjiu-iit labors 

 ;. L'uvaires had over and over airain <ccnrrel 

 ainoim French wine*!. Thnv was no guarantee that they 

 would not become acid or bitter, particularly when 

 exported. The commerce in wines was thus restricted. 

 and disastrous losses were often inflicted on the wine- 

 grower. Kvei v one of these disease- to the life 



of an organism. Pasteur ascertained the temperature 

 which killed these frrments of disease, proving it to be SO 

 low a- My harmless to the wine. By the simple 



expedient i.f heating the wine to a temperature of fifty 



ndered it inalterable, and thus 



his country the loss of millions. He then went on 

 to vinegar n . acid wine which he proved to !. 



produced by a fermentation set up by a little fungus called 



'mm tirrfi. Tnniln.\\\ fact, converts the grape 



into alcohol, and Mt/rtnfmnn wti converts the 

 alcohol into vinegar. II- -jiient failure- 



losses were sustained. Through the operation 

 of unknown causes, the \ im-ar often became unlit for use, 

 sometime- indeed fallini: into niter putridity. It had been 

 long known that n to the air was sulli'-ient to 



v it. Pasteur Mudied all these chan-es, traced 

 to their living causes, and showed that the 

 health of .-gar was . b\ the d.-sttuction ,,f 



this lit'.-. II-- passed from the diseases < > the 



study of a malady \\lr ,11 btit 



ruined tliu silk lubandiy of Franc.-. Tin- plague, which 



