126 



From these tables it is found that during March and April, 1902, no less than 46" 5 per cent, of the 

 winds WCMV from eastward, /.-.. lictween east by north and east by south; and of these 23 '6 per cent, were 

 from east by north. 



\\V are told by Dr. GA/KKT that the wind in gales at the "Gauss" station in the Antarctic frequently 

 reached 12 of the Beaufort scale; he mentions, however, that the greatest velocity measured by hand 

 anemometer was 24 -5 metres per second, or, say, 55 miles per hour, while the estimated force was given as 

 11 of the Beaufort scale; but that in the squalls the velocity of the wind, without doubt, frequently 

 exceeded 24 5 metres per second. 



Other winds than those from eastward were light and variable, except those from westward, from which 

 direction they had winds force 3 to 5, nearly every month. Occasionally these westerly winds blew with 

 greater strength, as on 23rd May, when force 6 was experienced, and on 25th of that month, when the 

 wind attained force 8. On 3rd August a west-north-west wind force 5 to 6 was recorded, and on the 14th 

 and 15th of that month force 6. These strong winds from westward were always associated with a clear, 

 or nearly clear, sky, and low temperatures. 



Referring to observations of precipitation, Dr. GAZERT says that measurements of snowfall were almost 

 impossible, as during the gales the air was full of driving snow. 



The same difficulty was experienced in measuring snowfall at the " Discovery's " Winter Quarters, and 

 for the same reason. 



Swedish Expedition. The Swedish Antarctic Expedition, under the leadership of Dr. OTTO NORDKNSKHILD, left Port Stanley, 

 Falkland Islands, on 1st January, 1902, in the "Antarctic" for the far south. After cruising among the 

 islands in the neighbourhood of Louis Philippe Land and Danco, Land where some important discoveries 

 were made, a spot was selected by the leader, on the island of Snow Hill, in which to winter. Dr. GOSTE 

 BODMAN, of Upsala, the meteorologist and magnetician to the Expedition, has kindly supplied 8 a.m. 

 observations (about noon G.M.T., i.e., 11.48 a.m.) taken at Snow Hill during the period March, 1902, to 

 October, 1903, inclusive. 



While recognising that the information relating to the meteorology of any region obtained from mean 

 results of single daily observations is extremely limited, it is nevertheless considered that monthly means 

 of 8 a.m. observations for pressure, temperature, and wind for so important an outpost of Antarctica as 

 Snow Hill Island should furnish information of interest in connexion with the present inquiry. 



The island is one of a group situated off the north-eastern extremity of Danco Land, which is a 

 continuation north-eastward of Graham Land, and lies to the south of the Louis Philippe Peninsula and to 

 the south-south-west of Joinville Island. 



Ross Island, the largest of the group, is separated from the mainland by a channel discovered by 

 Dr. NORDENSKIOLD, and named by him " Crown Prince Gustav Channel." On Ross Island, and situated 

 towards its western shore, rises Mount Haddington. 



The spot chosen by the leader of the Expedition for Winter Quarters lies at the north-eastern extremity 

 of the island, in latitude 64 30' S., longitude 56' 56' W., named by Ross " Snow Hill," of which Dr. OTTO 

 NoRi)KNsKi(iLi) has said that it consisted for the most part of an unbroken dome of ice. 



It should be borne in mind that when mean results of observations relating to Snow Hill are given in 

 this memoir, they refer to means of 8 a.m. observations only, and that maxima and minima values stated 

 are also those for 8 a.m. only (Table 4). 



Swedish Expedition, During March and April, 1902, the mean of the 8 a.m. observations recorded at Snow Hill is found to 

 and April,' 1902. ' )e 29 '30 inches; the highest reading, 29 '90 inches, was noted on the 5th March and again on the 

 12th April. At the time of the second maximum the wind came from south-east as a gentle breeze ; the 

 direction and force of the wind at the time of the first maximum is not known. The lowest reading, 

 28 -24 inches, was taken on the 29th March, when a fresh gale was blowing from the south-west. These 

 extremes of pressure show a range of 1 66 inches. 



The mean temperature at 8 a.m. during the two months comes out as 10 -2 F. A maximum reading of 

 37 F. was recorded on the 2nd March, and a minimum of - 8 F. on the 24th April, the latter associated 

 with a fresh gale from west-south-west. The extreme range of temperature at 8 a.m. therefore was 45 . 



The average direction of the wind at 8 a.m. during the period is found to have been south by west, and 



