WORK OF FORMATION. 39 



the gradients are steeper, and the gravel used being finer, is more 

 easily displaced by rain ; the walks also intersect, and are more 

 undulatory. Outlet pipes from gully holes should be fixed at least 

 6 in. from the bottom, to allow of that space for possible deposit, 

 which can be cleared out as occasion serves. In forming either 

 drives or walks it is best to make the verges or sides first, as a 

 good 'line is most readily obtained in this manner. The verge 

 should be built up with turves laid on edge if the gradient shows 

 filling. If turves are not available, let the ground be well trodden 

 till it is solidified. A couple of inches should be allowed for sub- 

 sequent cutting when the true line of the drive is neatly trimmed. 

 Care must then be exercised, not only that the true line is cut for 

 exact width of the drive, but that the cutting is carried to full 

 depth, and the depression can be filled with stones. At least 6 

 in. of hard, porous material should be spread over all drives, 

 and 4 in. on all walks. This covering may consist of broken 

 bricks, or stones, or coarse gravel, or well-burnt ballast. On that 

 a coating of stone that has been broken to pass through an inch 

 ring, or of fine gravel, 3 in. thick on drives, or 2 in. thick 

 on walks, should be laid. Drives, where two carriages may pass, 

 must be at least 14 ft. wide ; for one carriage, 9 ft. wide. Walks 

 should never be less than 5 ft. wide ; ordinarily, they should be 

 6 ft. wide. A drive of 14 ft. width should round over 3 in. ; 

 a walk of 6 ft., 2 in. The turf edging should rise i in. 

 above the rolled surface of the road or walk. 



The terraces should be formed thus : First strip the soil from 

 the site. When the filling is over 3 ft. in depth it should be 

 done in layers, and each layer consolidated. In any case, the ground 

 should be well rammed as the earth is deposited, and when it is 

 possible, the ground should be given time to settle before the turf 

 is laid. All terrace slopes, as they have ordinarily a southern aspect, 



