LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



PLATES FACING PAGE 



I. a, Showing reduction in flowering, elongation of internodes, 

 and increased area to a leaf due to shading, b, Showing 



effect of shading a peach tree 38 



II. a, An open-headed apple tree, b, A two-story apple tree 



with sets of scaffolds too close together 78 



III. a, Dwarf apple trees trained in a horizontal cordon, espalier 



pear trees on wall to rear, b, A type of central leader 

 that could now be developed either into a two or a three- 

 story tree, c, An unpruned apple tree that has developed 

 as a central leader, d, A two-story tree with four 

 branches at each scaffold 116 



IV. Six-year-old sour cherry trees, a, Unpruned; 6, moderately 



pruned; c, heavily pruned; d, summer pruned 154 



V. a, Fruit from an unthinned Baldwin apple tree, b, Fruit 



from a thinned Baldwin tree. (Courtesy Ohio Exp. Sta.) 198 

 \l. In the background is shown the effect of acid phosphate on 

 the natural growth of clover in the Ohio experiments. 



(After F. H. Ballon, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 301) 246 



VII. a, Trees grown permanently in sod. b, Trees grown under 

 the gra.ss-mulch system, c, The tillage-cover-crop sys- 

 tem used in this orchard. (Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta.) 298 



VIII. o, The twig terminals of these Baldwin apple trees were killed 

 in winter of 1917-18. b, A winter-injured peach tree 

 that was not cut back 348 



FIGURES PAGB 



1. Curves showing the average chemical changes in the growing 



apple (Bigelow, W. D., H. C. Gore and B. J. Howard, U. S. 

 Dept. Agr. Bur. Chem. Bull. 94) 11 



2. Curves showing chemical changes in Rhode Island Greening 



apple in common storage. (Bigelow, W. D., H. C. Gore, and 



B. J. Howard, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Chem. Bull. 94) 13 



3. Fruit production and two axillary shoots, all arising from a 



single fruit-bud. (Rome) 22 



4. Short spurs of apple bearing tenninal fruit-buds 25 



5. Axillary and terminal fruit-bud formation in the apple 27 



xiii 



