TABLE OF COX TENTS ix 



CHAPTER VII 



PAGES 



Orchard Soils 124-141 



Factors involved, 111; Soils defined, 112; Soil classifica- 

 tion, 113; Soils and subsoils, 114; Mechanical analysis of 

 fruit soils, 115; Orchard soils, 116; Chemical nature of 

 fruit soils, 117; Soil color, 118; Limestone soils, 119; Alka- 

 line soils ,120; Drainage, 121; Organic matter, 122; Adap- 

 tation of fruit to soil types, 123. 



CHAPTER VIII 



Cultural Methods in Orchards 142-178 



Systems of cultivation, 124; Terms defined, 125; Sod 

 culture, 126; Grass mulch, 127; Production of mulch ma- 

 terial, 128; Clean cultivation, 129; Tillage and cover-crop 

 system, 130; Cover-crops, 131; Nitrification, 132; Value of 

 cover-crops in California, 133; Effects of cultural methods 

 on the soil, 134; Effect of moisture, 135; Effect of tempera- 

 ture, 136; Nitrates, 137; Is nitrification retarded under 

 sod? 138; The toxic theory, 139; Effect of cultural systems 

 on the growth of the trees, 140; Leaf area, 141; The Wo- 

 burn experiments, 142; Yield of fruit, 143; Sod, tillage and 

 mulch for the apple, 144; Cultivation for the peach, 145; 

 Fall plowing the orchard, 146; Use of explosives for tillage 

 purposes, 147. 



CHAPTER IX 



Fertilizers and Manures pqR the Orchard 179-217 



Criticisms of orchard experiments, 148; Fertility re- 

 moved by fruit-trees, 149; Fruit-trees essentially different 

 from other crops, 150; Amount of food materials found in 

 plants not a guide, 151; Analysis of the soil as a guide to 

 fertilizing, 152; Necessity of fertilizing orchards, 153; Fer- 

 tilizing tilled and non-tilled apple orchards, 154; Moisture 

 and fertility intimately related, 155; Relative importance 

 of the different essential elements, 156; Organic versus in- 

 organic fertilizers, 157; Value of nitrogen, 158; Nitrate of 

 soda, 159; Sulfate of ammonia, 160; Time of application, 

 161; Phosphorus, 162; Acid phosphate, 163; Potash, 164; 

 Muriate versus sulfate of potash, 165; Hardwood-ashes, 

 166; Common salt, 167; Animal manures in the orchard, 

 168. Experiments in Uyililled Orchards: The Massachusetts 

 experiment, 169; The Ohio experiments, 170; The Penn- 

 sylvania experiments, 171; New Hampshire experiments, 



