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Plate III. — a, Dwarf ajiplc trees trained in a horizontal cordon, es- 

 palier pear trees on wall to rear, b, A tj-pe of central leader that 

 could now be developed either into a two- or a three-story tree, 

 c, An unpruned apple tree that has developed as a central leader; 

 recently the top has been removed, d, A two-story tree with four 

 branches at each scaffold; the leader may now be removed. 



