PROPAGATION AND FRUIT-STOCKS 343 



been employed. The usual understanding has been that the 

 former produced a ''full dwarf" tree and the latter a "half 

 dwarf"; however, there seems to be much confusion in re- 

 gard to these terms. ''The original significant distinction 

 betwixt the true Paradise or dwarfing apple stock and the 

 true crab or free growing stock, had imperceptibly changed 

 to a distinction in method of propagation, all those apple 

 stocks which were raised vegetatively (from layers) being 

 known as 'Paradise,' and those raised sexually (from seed) 

 being known as 'Crab.' " ^ The work of Hatton shows that 

 in a lot of seedlings from crab and "Paradise" stock, there 

 will be in each both surface and deep-rooted plaiits. It 

 also indicates that in lots of Paradise stock collected at 

 various places in England and on the Continent, there were 

 " 17 distinct types, easily distinguishable botanically, and 

 varying in health and vigour of growth from the very dwarf 

 French Paradise, which on our soil dies out with apple 

 canker in a few years, through intermediate types such as 

 the Doucin, moderate and sturdy in growth and precocious 

 in cropping, to the veiy vigorous forms of Paradise, which 

 have a vigour and robustness of growth previously supposed 

 to belong only to ' crabs.' " 



Such is the situation in regard to apple stocks and much 

 experimenting remains to be done before a uniform type is 

 secured. 



305. Pear stocks. — For the propagation of the pear the 

 seedlings are usually obtained from France (Mayenne Prov- 

 ince) where pear cider is made in quantity and hence the 

 ])omace is available. Probably 80 per cent of the pear seed- 

 lings used in this country are imported. The seedlings are 

 grown in France as disease frequently ruins the crop when 

 the seed is imported and an attempt made to grow them here. 



^ Hatton, R. G. Results of researches on fruit tree stocks at East 

 Mailing. Jour. Pomology, Vol. 2, No. 1. 1920. 



