sumer in the best condition in the shortest 

 time, and at a reasonable price; if suc- 

 cessful give the workers a bonus. 



Account Keeping. — Wages book or 

 journal, invoice book, cash book with 

 columns to analyse under headings the 

 amounts received and spent, bought and 

 sold books or ledger of unpaid accounts, 

 money due and money owing; cheque 

 book, paying-in book, pass book. The 

 object of accounts is to show where one 

 stands, and at the end of the year whether 

 there is a profit or loss. For the purpose 

 of Income-tax, the receipts and payments 

 have to be analysed into headings such as 

 rent, wages, manures, implements, etc. 

 For this purpose an inventory and valua- 

 tion should really be made yearly. An 

 account should be kept of packages 

 (empties). It may be well sometimes to 

 keep cost of certain crops, as to yield, 

 etc., to see whether they pay. 



Bee-Keepinq. — To handle and manage 

 bees throughout the year; the diseases of 

 bees and their treatment. 



If the fruit farm pupil goes to College 

 he should learn: — 



Horticultural Chemistry. — The neces- 

 sary elements required by plants ; the vari- 

 ous manures, their uses and what they 

 supply; to understand a chemical analysis 

 of a manure and value a manure from its 

 chemical composition; what manures can 

 be mixed and what should not be mixed; 

 test a soil for lime in the field. Be able 

 to interpret to some degree a soil analysis. 

 Study results of experiments in the manur- 

 ing of different kinds of fruit. Have some 

 knowledge of the composition of fungi- 

 cides and insecticides, and what sub- 

 stances can be mixed, and which are un- 

 suitable for mixing. Hard and soft water. 



Botany. — How plants grow, and how 

 plants feed, structure of a plant and the 

 functions of its different parts ; knowledge 

 of the common weeds and their destruc- 

 tion ; principles involved in keeping plants 

 in health; physiology of taking cuttings; 

 winter and summer pruning; grafting; 

 budding; plant reproduction; plant-breed- 

 ing; pollenation and fertilization; to dis- 

 tinguish flower and leaf buds in the vari- 

 ous fruit trees and bushes ; the stocks used 

 for different fruits. 



Plant Pathology. — Recognition, pre- 

 vention and cure of the more common 

 fungous and bacterial diseases of fruits, 

 together with their life-history, including 

 apple and pear scab, brown rot of plums, 

 cherries and apples, American gooseberry 

 mildew, apple canker, cherry leaf scorch, 

 peach leaf-curl, silver leaf, die-back of 

 gooseberries, strawberry mildew; be able 

 to prepare and mount microscope slides 

 of plant diseases; make up Bordeaux 

 mixture, lime sulphur (understand hydro- 

 meter), winter and summer strength 

 spraying. Powder dusting. Uses and 

 costs of different fungicide applications. 

 The c«ntrol of insects and fungous pests by 

 legislation. 



Zoology and Entomology. — The influ- 

 ence of the common animals and birds on 

 fruit-growing; useful insects; injurious 

 insects, their life histories, prevention and 

 remedy, including codlin moth, apple saw- 

 fly, apple sucker, woolly aphis, winter and 

 allied moths, lackey moths, the various 

 aphides, apple blossom weevil, raspberry 

 and loganberry beetles, gooseberry saw- 

 fly and magpie moth, black-currant gall 

 mite, red spider, wasp, scale insects, cap- 

 sid bugs. The proportions and methods 

 of mixing the standard insecticides for 

 winter and svunmer washes for the various 

 insects; some knowledge of the caustic 

 washes, lime spray, eipulsions, poisons, 

 nicotine wash, and whether they may be 

 mixed to kill more than one class of 

 insect at a time ; the relative cost per 100 

 gallons of different sprays; quantities re- 

 quired per tree or per acre. Knowledge 

 of the best trade insecticides and fungi- 

 cides. Dust insecticides ; fumigation, 

 grease banding, soil sterilization. 



Geology. — The relation of top soil to 

 subsoil and underlying rocks ; the likes 

 and dislikes of plants as to soil and mois- 

 ture in soil; influence of local geology on 

 wells, water supply and drainage ; what a 

 mechanical analysis of a soil is ; the classi- 

 fication of soils (sand, clay, humus, lime, 

 loam, etc.); cover crops. 



Meteorology and Physics. — Heat and 

 light, their influence on a favourable 

 aspect, earliness, influence of colour of 

 soil; evaporation, dew, mist, mist-line; 

 influence of water, river, lake and sea on 

 fruit growing. Foretelling of frosts in 



