CURIOUS FACTS ABOUT MILK. 97 



then took an equal quantity of the milk of the two breeds, 

 and churned, it together, and I got considerably less product 

 from it. 



At the same time, I carried on a system of microscopic 

 observations upon the globules remaining in the buttermilk of 

 the two separate and the two together. I found that where I 

 churned, I churned in each case globules up to a certain size, 

 and if I carried on the churning long enough to separate the 

 smaller size, I simply over-churned the larger sized globules 

 and brought them into a liquid condition. In fact, if I took 

 out the buttermilk and churned it over again, I found that 

 upon standing, it would throw up a layer, not of cream, but 

 of oil. Over-churning seems to change the condition of the 

 butter, and bring it into oil. 



I am very sorry that I cannot prove these statements to you 

 by figures, but it would be impossible for me to bring before 

 you the figures upon which these conclusions are based. 

 These few results which I have given you are based upon 

 measurements of over eight thousand globules, made during 

 the last few months, and the experiments have been very 

 numerous. And this is only one aspect of the case. 



In regard to the globules of the milk of the native cows, I 

 will say, that the globule takes on the type of the breed to 

 which they are most nearly allied. I have not carried on the 

 experiments with the milk of native cows long enough to be 

 able to state positively, but I do not believe you will hud any 

 definite size for the globule of the native milk. 



' Mr. Carr. Mr. Lewis does not seem to be very favorable 

 to turnips. I wish to ask him what he feeds for roots. 



Mr. Lewis. Mangold-wurzels. Now, for fear that I 

 may have left a wrong impression upon the mind of any one 

 present, I would say, that the lactometer alone is no test of 

 the purity of milk. That is what I labored to establish in 

 the courts of New York, and incurred the reproach of Judge 

 Mason, as standing between the criminal and due punishment 

 for his crime. There are many ways in which milk may be 

 adulterated, to bring the water with which it is adulterated to 

 the exact specific gravity of milk. This trade is too well 

 known now, and you will excuse me if I do not tell you any 

 way in which it may be done, for I am satisfied that some 



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