304 ;WOMAN IN SCIENCE 



legislatures, and in some long-established colleges women 

 were received as students in the ordinary classes. ' n 



Meanwhile, the women in Europe were not idle nor heed- 

 less of the example set by their brave sisters in America. 

 The University of Zurich threw open its portals to women, 

 and was soon followed by those of Bern and Geneva. The 

 first woman to obtain a degree in medicine in Zurich it 

 was in 1867 was Nadejda Suslowa, a Russian. She was 

 soon followed by scores of others from Europe and Amer- 

 ica, who found greater advantages and more sympathy in 

 Swiss universities than elsewhere. 



In 1869 the Medico-Chirurgical Academy of St. Peters- 

 burg conferred the degree of M.D. upon Madame Kasche- 

 warow, the first female candidate for this honor. When 

 her name was mentioned by the dean it was received with 

 an immense storm of applause which lasted several min- 

 utes. The ceremony of investing her with the insignia of 

 her dignity being over, her fellow students and colleagues 

 lifted her on a chair and carried her with triumphant 

 shouts throughout the halls. 



The first woman graduate from the University of France 

 was Miss Elizabeth Garrett, of England. She received her 

 degree in medicine in 1870, and the following year the 

 same institution conferred the doctor's degree on Miss 

 Mary C. Putnam, of New York. 



After these precedents had been established, the uni- 

 versities of the various countries on the continent, follow- 

 ing the examples set by those in the United States and 

 Switzerland, opened one after the other their doors to 

 women, and in most of them accorded them all the privi- 

 leges of cives academici enjoyed by the men. 



Great Britain held out against the new movement long 



after most of the continental countries had fallen into line, 



nor did she surrender until after a protracted and bitter 



fight, during which the men leading the opposition ex- 



iQp. cit., p. 241. 



