- 388 - 



G. H. CARPENTER. The warble flies. (Depl. Agr. and Tech. Instr. 

 Ireland Jour., 9, 1909, No. 3, p. 465-476, pi. i, fig. i); E.S.R., 

 vol. XXII, No. 4, March 1910. Washington. 



Further results in continuation of investigations previously noted 

 (E. S. R., 20, p. 582, 857) are reported. 



While muzzling experiments conducted with calves during 1907-8 

 seemed to support rather strongly the theory of the maggot's en- 

 trance by the mouth, those carried on during 1908-9 tend to confirm 

 the results of 1906-7 in favor of the theory that they enter through 

 the skin. In the spring of 1908, 132 of the 194 cattle used in the 

 previous experiments were still on the farm and had been left 

 throughout the summer of 1907 without any kind of dressing or 

 protection against the attacks of the fly. [From these cattle 586 

 maggots were squeezed out, an average of 4.44 per beast, and a 

 reduction of 58.8 per cent, which is believed to have been largely 

 due to this treatment. It was found that yearlings were far more 

 benefited during the spring of 1907 than either the cows or calves. 



A maggot which emerged from the skin May 13, pupated and 

 emerged as an adult (Hypoderma bovis) 40 days later. A second 

 maggot of this species which emerged from the skin ' May 30 ap- 

 peared as an adult in 31 days, as did also a maggot of H. lineata, 

 which emerged from the host on May 24. The gullets of a number 

 of heifers and bullocks 2 or 3 years old were examined. " In many 

 of these maggots were found, and in most cases they were embedded 

 in the connective tissue of the submucous coat, whith the axis of 

 the maggot lying along the direction of the gullet. In some the 

 head of the maggot was directed upward, in others downward; 

 most were near the stomach, but some were near the pharynx, as 

 if they were wandering to and fro in the submucous coat for a 

 period of several weeks. One was found lying in the cavity of the 

 gullet, but no trace of perforation of the mucous coat could be 

 detected. The effect of the maggot on the submucous tissues is 

 to cause a small amount of yellow discoloration due to the forma- 

 tion of pus." 



Ticks and Redwater in Cattle. Board of Agriculture and 

 Fisheries, Leaflet n. 237. London, May 1910. 



Redwater is due to the entrance into the blood of a microsco- 

 pical protozoal parasite, Pyroplasma bigeminum. It appears to be- 

 long to the same class of disease as Texas Fever. 



