In Texas Fever the carriers of infection from one animal to 

 another were the progeny of female ticks. 



The British Ticks belong to two varieties : Haemaphy sails pun- 

 data and Ixodes ricinus. 



March to June and October to November are the two periods 

 of the year in which the adult forms, apparently the most dangerous, 

 are most prevalent. It is at these times of the year th;a Redwater 

 is most frequently met with. 



The disease obtained its name because sometimes the affected 

 animals passed red urine. 



The death-rate from Redwater in England is not high, but the 



disease may cause the animals to fall off very much in condition 



and in milch cows it causes a great diminution of the milk yield. 



For preventing losses from Redwater one of the three following 



methods may be adopted: 



1) Preventive inoculation. 



2) Eradication of the ticks from the pastures. 



3) Purification of the ticks without destroying them. 



For the eradication of ticks, sheep (which are not susceptible 

 to Redwater) can be put in large numbers on the pastures to act 

 as "tick collectors" and subsequently dipped to kill the ticks, 

 through unfortunately none of the dipping materials commonly used 

 have a particularly destructive effect on ticks. 



The purification of the ticks may be obtained by keeping cattle 

 off the pastures for some time. Probably 14 months would be re- 

 quired to ensure purification. The process may be hastened by 

 heavily stocking the pastures with sheep. 



C. GORDON HEWITT. House Flies and Disease. (Nature, vol. 84, 

 PP- 73-75- London, July 21, 1910). 



The belief that the house-fly is an agent for the spread of di- 

 sease was entertained as early as the seventeenth century, and 

 in 1871 Lord Avebury regarded the fly as "a winged sponge" 

 spreading contagion. In 1886 Tizzoni and Cattani obtained the 

 cholera spirillum from flies caught in cholera wards, the same year 

 Hoffman found tubercle bacilli in the excreta of flies and in 1888 

 Celli showed that the typhoid bacillus passes in a virulent condi- 

 tion through the digestive tract of the fly. The excessive, mortality 

 which occurred from typhoid in the Spanish-American war at- 

 tracted attention to the relationship of flies to this disease and later 



