- 454 - 



payment of $30 600 (6 375), "the price at which her daughter^ 

 ist Duchess of Oneida, had been sold. loth Duchess of Geneva 

 was, like the other two cattle, purchased to go to England, at the 

 record price of $35 ooo (7 292). The average for 109 animals was 

 $3 54 ($73)> an( i f these 17 bulls averaged $i 836 (382), and 

 92 females $3 813 (794). 



" Shorthorn Herd Books. In. the Coates' Shorthorn Herd Book, 

 which is the record of the United Kingdom " no bull is eligible 

 for insertion unless it has five crosses, and no cow unless it has four 

 crosses, of Shorthorn blood, which are, or are eligible to be, inserted 

 in the Herd Book." 



In France, the last sire in the pedigree must have been born in 

 1830, or before it, to enable an animal to be entered. 



For the Herd Books of Canada and the United States, " the 

 pedigrees of imported animals shall themselves trace and all their 

 crosses to an animal that was either entered or was eligible for 

 entry in Vol. 40 of Coates's Herd Book." Until about five years, 

 ago the Volume was No. 20. 



For the Argentine Herd Book pedigrees 4< trace in an unbroken 

 succession of named dams and registered sires to a named dam born 

 in or before 1850. In the event of the date of birth of the last 

 named dam being unknown it is then required that her sire shall 

 have been born in or before 1845. No break must occur in the 

 pedigree, such as an unregistered sire or an unnamed dam, or the 

 'son of a registered bull, when he himself has not been entered,, 

 unless a dam above such break can be proved to have been born in 

 or before 1850. SINCLAIR. " 



THE NON-PEDIGREE SHORTHORN. Derived from the same ancestry 

 as the Pedigree Shorthorn. The non-pedigree Shorthorn is the direct 

 descendant of the original cattle of the North-east of England which 

 were found on sale in the local markets in that part of the country 

 from week to week during the life-time of the Collings, of the elder 

 Booths and of Bates. It was from these common cattle of Short- 

 horn type that Thomas Booth and the early Scotch breeders selected 

 the cows with which they mated their improved bulls in the process 

 of forming the comparatively modern pedigree Shorthorn. The 

 common cattle benefited considerably, especially in the early days of 

 Shorthorn development, a century or more ago, by the influence of 

 the refined blood that was widely distributed through the country 

 by the system of hiring out bulls for the season. 



The ordinary farrier, looking purely to the commercial side of 



