455 - 



the question, has at least for a century maintained by selection the 

 two qualities ; viz., that of heavy milk-yielding and that of flesh- 

 production at other periods than during the time of lactation, in the 

 cows known by the name of non-pedigree Shorthorns. There is 

 no doubt that the vast majority of these are as pure Shorthorn 

 blood and probably as old as the registered breeds, but they have 

 no paper pedigree and are only bought and sold as common cattle 

 at prices which leave a prospect of a profit in the commercial 

 market for the production of meat and milk. 



The town dairies in the neighbourhoods of large centres of 

 population in Northern England and Scotland are mainly supplied 

 by such cows that have not reached their prime, viz., after their 

 fourth or fifth calf, at prices ranging round 20 to 24. The yield 

 in the best dairies averages 3% to 3 x / 2 gallons per day during the 

 9 or 10 months period of lactation, at the end of which the cows, 

 having been forced all the while by as much sloppy food as they 

 can consume, are fat and ready to go to the butcher at a price which 

 loses to the dairyman an average of 5 for each animal a few 

 years ago the loss averaged 8. The yield per stall not infrequently 

 rises to over 1,200 gallons annually. 



THE LINCOLN RED SHORTHORN. The preface of the Lincolnshire 

 Red Shorthorn Association Herd Register (1895) states that this breed 

 " is distinguished by its length of frame, good constitution, great 

 hardiness, capacity for milk, and great weight of carcase; 8 to 10 

 cwts. being usual weights for grass-fed three year old bullocks and 

 up to 24 cwts. for stall-fed cattle." 



It is descended from the large dingy breed of the Fens described 

 by Professor Low, mated with improved Shorthorns. In the early 

 days bulls were hired for the season, but females were also 

 employed. 



With a very excellent herd of cattle of medium size which 

 " originally came from the neighbourhood of Darlington," Thomas 

 Turnell is believed to have introduced the deep cherry red colour 

 of hair for which the breed is now noted and which enhances its 

 value for exportation, especially to Argentina where it is growing 

 in favour with those who prefer dual-purpose cattle. 



THE LONGHORN.-^^^/ Revival of Popularity. -In competition with 

 the Shorthorn for public favour the Longhorn was seriously worsted ; 

 and, during the early part of the latter half of the igth century, 

 the breed was so reduced in numbers as to be threatened with 

 extinction. This danger has passed away, as the herds belonging 



