DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS 133 



After the testicle is removed, then enlarge the 

 first incision (cut) that was made through the skin 

 so as to give plenty drainage. This incision should 

 be about eight inches long for horses. By having 

 a large incision the upper part can heal first, and 

 there will be good drainage until the scrotum en- 

 tirely heals. If possible turn the castrated horse out 

 to pasture after the operation, and it will exercise 

 sufficiently to keep the parts from swelling. Do not 

 keep the animal in a dirty stable after it is cas- 

 trated, as there is so much danger from infection 

 in the dirty horse stable. If the horse is broken it 

 can be put to light work a week after the castration. 



Bulls do not need to be thrown to be castrated. 

 The incision is made over each testicle, and the 

 operation carried out in the same way as with the 

 horse. Bulls are not so susceptible to infection as 

 the horse. 



CATARRH. Commonly known as a cold, catarrh 

 is recognized as an inflamed state of the upper por- 

 tions of the air passages, with more or less dis- 

 charge from the mucous membranes. The eyes 

 often sympathize with this deranged condition, with 

 a watery state as the result. The causes of catarrh 

 or colds in animals are very much the same as 

 those causing the same disturbance in human 

 beings ; as with people, so with animals, the malady 

 should be remedied as quickly as possible. Bad air 

 is one of the most frequently observed causes ; con- 

 sequently pure cold air with proper blankets to 

 keep the body warm is considered the best treat- 

 ment for simple catarrh when unaccompanied with 

 other troubles. 



One of the common symptoms is dullness and 

 loss of appetite. The hair stands out and looks 



