PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. 67 



sandy subsoil, and parts poor loamy clay with clay subsoil, lime- 

 stone lying deep under all. It was partly inclosed and had formerly 

 been under or furrow drained with pipe tiles 3^ feet deep and 30 feet 

 apart, and before planting it had been deeply plowed, and again 

 drained with open drains 15 inches deep, and 30 feet apart. The plan- 

 tation was twenty years old, and had been repeatedly thinned, the larch 

 and spruce being taken out most on the exposed side, giving preference 

 to the hard woods and Scotch fir as standards, while on the sheltered 

 sides spruce firs had preference, and the hardwoods, larch, and Scotch 

 fir removed. The plantation appeared healthy throughout, except on the 

 extreme margin, where a few larch and spruce had been left in thin- 

 ning. The larch appeared less hardy than the spruce, even in better 

 locations, and they had all lost their leaders, and were bent and twisted, 

 and many were dead or dying, but in sheltered places they appeared 

 better. This seems to show that the larch is not suited for planting in 

 exposed or maritime situations. The spruce on the exposed side kept 

 growing, but made little progress. But few had died, but many were 

 onesided, and their foliage on the exposed side was quite red. Where 

 sheltered, the spruces had made rapid progress, and outgrown both the 

 larch and Scotch fir. The last had grown well, and in late years had 

 made rapid progress. Although one-sided where most exposed, and 

 with fewer branches, they gave proof of endurance over the larch. The 

 oaks grew moderately well where the soil was good, but were more 

 stunted in appearance than their better-shaded neighbors. The wych 

 elms appeared very hardy, and withstood the winds better than the rest. 

 They had never been pruned, and had branches near to the ground, thus 

 affording good shelter to the rest. The larger the quantity of small 

 branches the better, as they yield to the wind without breaking. Near 

 this plantation were rows of Austrian pines and English yews, which 

 had been planted about twelve years, and appeared healthy, but had 

 not made much growth. The pines extended their branches toward the 

 wind, as well as from it, and they showed no sign of the wind cutting 

 their foliage. A few damson-plum trees grew well, and blossomed, but 

 seldom produced fruit. 



Another plantation, embracing about four acres, a mile inland, was 

 near sea-level and exposed on all sides. Soil heavy clay, and subsoil so 

 tenacious that planting had only been attempted for shelter. The trees 

 were oak, ash, elm, sycamore, beech, poplar, willow, alder, and Scotch 

 firs. Some larch had been planted but they were all dead, perhaps from 

 unsuitable soil, as some in the interior were sheltered. The trees were 

 small for their age. On the north side, facing the sea, was a margin of 

 Huntingdon willows, and a few alders and poplars, none of which had. 

 prospered, but the poplars had made more wood than the other trees. 

 On the west side, also much exposed, were wych elms, with a few ash, 

 sycamore, and beech trees, and one or two oaks. The oak and beech 

 trees were rather small, as also the elm, but the latter appeared very 

 healthy, and their foliage and young wood appeared to stand exposure 

 better than the others. The sycamores, although small, were healthy. 

 The south side was sheltered and planted with poplar, ash, and elm, the 

 former being much larger than on the exposed side, partly because they 

 had drier soil. The oaks were few, and none so good as the elm and 

 ash, where the latter have room. The sycamores were small but 

 healthy, and the beeches about like the sycamores, and retained their 

 leaves longer groen, the tips decaying a little on the exposed side. The 

 general appearance of the foliage on the outward exposed sides showed 

 the effect of cutting winds by the brownuess of the leaves. It was pro- 



