PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. 69 



against the wind, and the branches and foliage retaining their natnral position and 

 color. It does not grow upward like the Scotch fir, but more stiff, and with an abun- 

 dance of branches. It is, therefore, much recommended for margins of exposed plan- 

 tations. 



The Pinaster does not appear to be hardy, and is liable to be blown one-sided. 



The Larch is not at all hardy in very exposed places, and shows signs of early decay. 



The Common or Xorivay Spruce is generally one-sided, and the foliage browned on the 

 exposed side. It is not adapted for extreme exposures. 



The Silver Fir, growing in very exposed situations, with hard- wood trees, has been 

 found to thrive extremely well. 



The English Yew will grow to a good size, but is one-sided when exposed to prevail- 

 ing winds, with an appearance of average hardiness. 



The Cedar of Lebanon, although growing to a considerable size, is generally a little 

 one-sided, and its top growing away from the blast. 



The Cedrus Deodoradoes not succeed well in exposed places. 



The Weymouth Pines do not succeed in exposed places, and in moderately-windy places 

 lean much from tho winds. 



The Cupressus viacrocarpa grows well out against the wind, and is well worth plant- 

 ing in moderate exposures. 



The Cupressus Lawsoniana grows moderately well in exposed situations, and keeps its 

 shape fairly well. 



The Thujopsis iorealis makes more luxuriant growth than the latter, and from the 

 strength oi its foliage appears better suited than the latter to exposed planting. 



As a general rule, the sycamore, maple, and wych-elm have been found to be the most 

 hardy and most suitable deciduous trees for planting in exposed situations, and the 

 Austrian pine among conifers. The evergreen oak, arbutus, and holly, the best ever- 

 green shrubs of large size, and the sea-buckthorn, wild cherry, elder, and mountain- ash, 

 of small-sized trees and shrubs of the deciduous kinds. 



lu making plautatious in exposed situations, it will be found advan- 

 tageous to have them of as large an area as possible, for trees will in 

 many cases thrive in large masses which would actually starve in small 

 clumps or belts. The soil should be well trenched or drained, and great 

 care should be taken in selecting the hardy varieties that are suited to 

 the soil in which they are planted. The plants should be small when 

 transplanted, and those that are known to stand severe winds should 

 form the margin, while the more valuable kinds are planted in the in- 

 terior. In many cases it will be found judicious to plant thickly with 

 the view of shelter, and thin early, so as to bring up the trees in a healthy 

 and hardy state, taking girth with their height. 



ON THE SOILS AND SUBSOILS SUITED FOR PLANTING. 



[The following is an abstract of a prize essay by John Nisbet, assist- 

 ant conservator of forests in British Burmah, as printed in the transac- 

 tions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of 1876. The writer, 

 having learned his profession in Germany, admits that his views con- 

 form to the practice of that country, which differs somewhat from that 

 adopted elsewhere; but, as the principles stated admit of qualified 

 application in our country, it is believed that the leading points 

 embraced will be of interest to the American reader.] 



The growth of any particular tree depends on the nature of the soil 

 and the situation on which it occurs. As regards the soil, we must take 

 into account: 



1. Chemical composition. 4. Depth of soil. 



2. Amount of moisture, 5. Quantity of humus. 



3. Degree of looseness. 6. Nature of the subsoil. 



1. The chemkal composition of the soil affects the tree indirectly, by 

 means of its physical properties (as amount of moisture and degree of 

 looseness or porosity), and also directly, by the mineral matter taken up 

 by the rootlets and deposited in the wood and leaves in their annual 



