136 



HEATING PROPERTIES OF WOOD. 



COIVIPAEATIVE VALUE OF WOODS FOR FUEL. — EXPERIMENTS BY 

 MARCUS BULL. 



A paper read before the American Philosophical Society, April 7, 

 1826, by Marcus Bull, of Philadelphia,^ gives the results of careful 

 experiments upon qualities and relative values of American woods, that 

 have been regarded as trustworthy and valuable. In conducting these 

 experiments, Mr. Bull constructed a room within a room,^ so that the 

 walls of the inner one could be kept uniform in temperature, and com- 

 bustion was made in a stove with an abundance of pipe. The time and 

 effects were carefully noted, and all circumstances affecting draught of 

 air, size and condition of fuel, &c., were made as uniform as possible. 



Common and botanical names.' 



P 



•= O f> 



= S2 



©ago 





White ash (Fraximii americana) 



Apple tree (.Pyrus mains) 



White beech (Fagus sylvestris) 



Black birch (Betula lenta) 



White birch (Betula populifolia) 



Batter-nut {Juglans cathartica) 



Ked cedar (Junipenis virginiana) 



American chestnut ( Gastanea vesea) 



Wild cherry ( Cerasua virginiana) 



Dogwood CComus fiorida) 



White elm ( Ulmun americana) 



Sour gnra (Nyssa aylvatica) 



Sweet gnxn (IAquidam,har styraciflua) 



Shell-bark hickory {Juglans squamosa) 



Pig-nnt hickory (Jxiglans porcina) 



Red-heart hickory (Juglans laciniata ?) 



Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginica) 



American holly (Ilex opaca) 



American hornbeam (Varpinus am,ericana) 



Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) 



Hard maple (Acer saccharinum) 



Soft maple (Acer ntbrum) 



Large magnolia (Magnolia grandijlora) 



Chestnut white oak (Quercis pHnus palustris) .. 



White oak ( Quercus alba) 



Shell-bark^hite oak (Querctis ohtiuiiloba?) 



Barren scrub oak ( Quercus catesbcei) 



Pin oak ( Quercus palustris) 



Scnib black oak (Querctis Banisteri) 



Red oak ( Quercus rubra) 



Barren oak ( Quercus ferruginea) 



Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus montuola) .. 



Toilow oak ( Qicercus prinus acuminata) 



Spanish oak {Quercus falcata) 



Persimmon (IHospyros virginiana) 



Yellow pine (soft) (Pinus mitis) 



Jersey pino (Pinus inops) 



Pitch'pine (tinus rigida) ..i 



White pine (Pinus strobus) 



Yellow poplar (Lyriodendron tulipifera) 



Lombardy poplar (Populus diLatata) 



Sassafras (Laurus sassafras) ... 



Wild service (Aronia arhorea) 



Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) 



B"lack walnut (Juglans nigra) 



Swamp whortleberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum) . 



25.74 



19.62 



19.40 



19 



20.79 



24.72 



25.29 



21.70 



21 



24.85 



22.16 



19.69 



26.22 



25.22 



22.90 



21.40 



22. 



19 



24.02 



21.43 



20.64 



21.59 



22.76 



21 



21.50 



23.17 



22.22 



23.80 



22.43 



22.37 



20.86 



21.60 



22.95 



23.44 



23.75 



24.88 



26, 



24.35 



ai.8i 



25 



22.58 



22. 



23.60 



22.56 



23.30 



28.78 



23.41 



27.26 



22. .52 



19, 



12 47 



12. 52 



19.94 



21.63 



28.94 



18.79 



21.05 



21.73 



32.89 



33. 52 



20.78 



19.36 



19.68 



23.94 



24.05 



22.68 



19.47 



21.36 



25.31 



21.10 



22.99 



20.63 



22.94 



20.36 



21.05 



23.52 



22. 



15. 52 



19.05 



24.68 



17.52 



20.26 



15.68 



15.42 



20.15 



12. 89 



22.4 



31.26 



19. 



22 



26.57 



h. TO. 

 6 40 

 6 40 



6 40 



6 10 



6 10 



6 40 



6 40 



6 40 



6 30 



6 10 



6 20 

 6 



6 40 



6 10 

 6 



6 10 



6 30 



6 20 



6 30 



6 20 



6 20 

 6 



6 10 



6 20 



6 30 



6 30 



6 40 



6 40 



6 40 



6 10 



6 40 



6 20 



6 20 



6 31) 



6 20 



6 30 



51 

 56 

 52 

 55 

 75 

 58 

 67 

 57 

 100 

 95 



ei 



72 

 57 

 65 

 66 

 60 

 54 

 56 

 86 

 81 

 74 

 73 

 71 

 71 

 69 

 66 

 61 

 60 

 52 

 69 

 54 

 48 

 43 

 42 

 52 

 40 

 59 

 84 

 52 

 65 

 73 



* These names are generally according to Michaux, and in some cases are different from those 

 now generally adopted. 



1 Experiments to determine the Covqyarative Value of the principal Varieties of Fuel used in 

 the United States, and also in Europe, and on the Ordinary Apparatus used in their CombuS' 

 tion. By Marcus Ball, Phila., 1827, 8 vo., pp. 103. 



2 The outer room was 11 by 14 feet and about. 11 feet high; the inner one was cubic, 

 8 feet ou a side, and containing 512 cubic feet. 



